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Mu‘in Al-Din Suleyman
Mu'in al-Din Suleiman Parwana ( fa, معین الدین سلیمان پروانه), better known as Parwana ( fa, پروانه) was a Persian statesman, who was for a time (especially between 1261–1277) a key player in Anatolian politics involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mamluks under Baybars. Biography Mu‘in al-Din Suleiman was the son of Muhadhdhab al-Din Ali al-Daylami, a Persian from Kashan, who served as the vizier to the Seljuq Sultan Kaykhusraw II in 1243 at the time of the Battle of Köse Dağ. Raised in a time of trouble after the Battle of Köse Dağ and having received a good education, Suleiman Parwana become commander of Tokat, and later Erzincan. He was appointed, by Mongol commander Bayju's recommendation, as chamberlain to the Konya palace of Seljuks sultan of Rûm, then vassals of the Mongols. He married Kaykhusraw's widow Gurju Khatun and became the undisputed master of the declining state, making a name as a great ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parwana (title)
''Parwāna'' or ''pervāne'' ( fa, پروانه, 'butterfly') was a court title of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308). The title may be a poetic abbreviation of the title '' parwānačī'', known from the Ilkhanate (1256–1335). It denoted the messenger who conveyed the sultan's personal messages. It may have originally denoted the messages themselves before coming to apply to the messenger.Claude Cahen (trans. J. Jones-Williams), ''Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History, c. 1071–1330'' (Taplinger, 1968), pp. 221–222. The sources show ''parwāna''s issuing ''farmān''s in relation to the business of the '' dīvān'' (council), of which they were members, and issuing grants of '' iqṭāʿ''s. They headed the chancery and also bore the title ''ṭughrāʾī'' (secretary). A. C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız, "Introduction", in ''The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East'' (I. B. Tauris, 2013), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niğde
Niğde (; grc, Νίγδη; Hittite: Nahita, Naxita) is a city and the capital of Niğde province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey at an elevation of 1,299 m. In 2017 the city population was 141,010 people. The city is small with plenty of green space and gardens around the houses. Its people generally tend to be religious and conservative. Medieval monuments are scattered about the centre of the town, especially around the market place. The nearest airport is Nevşehir Kapadokya Airport (NAV) which is 90.6 km (50.6 miles) away. History Niğde is located near a number of ancient trade routes, particularly the road from Kayseri (ancient Caesarea Mazaca) to the Cilician Gates and thence to the Mediterranean coast. The area has been settled by Hittites, Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines and Turks. In the early Middle Ages, it was known as Magida ( el, Μαγίδα), and was settled by the remaining inhabitants of nearby Tyana after it fell to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harput
Harpoot ( tr, Harput) or Kharberd ( hy, Խարբերդ, translit=Kharberd) is an ancient town located in the Elazığ Province of Turkey. It now forms a small district of the city of Elazığ. p. 1. In the late Ottoman period, it fell under the Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet (also known as the Harput Vilayet). Artifacts from around 2000 BC have been found in the area. The town is famous for its Harput Castle, and incorporates a museum, old mosques, a church, and the Buzluk (Ice) Cave. Harput is about from Istanbul. Harput was a largely Armenian populated region in medieval times and had a significant Armenian population until the Armenian genocide. By the 20th century, Harput had been absorbed into Mezre (renamed Elazığ in 1937), a town on the plain below Harput that significantly grew in size in the 19th century. Name Kharberd was first interpreted as consisting of the Armenian words ''kʻar'' ("rock") and ''berd'' ("castle, fortress"), as if meaning "a fortress surrounded by r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abaqa Khan
Abaqa Khan (27 February 1234 – 4 April 1282, mn, Абаха/Абага хан (Khalkha Cyrillic), ( Traditional script), "paternal uncle", also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (''Ilkhan'') of the Ilkhanate. The son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin and the grandson of Tolui, he reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder. Much of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at invading Syria, which included the Second Battle of Homs. Life Abaqa was born in Mongolia on 27 February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan. Abaqa was a Buddhist. A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan.Runciman, p. 320. Hulagu died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of the Byzant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Kingdom Of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian: , '), also known as Cilician Armenia ( hy, Կիլիկեան Հայաստան, '), Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia ( hy, Կիլիկիայի հայկական իշխանութիւն), was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia., pp. 630–631. Located outside the Armenian Highlands and distinct from the Kingdom of Armenia of antiquity, it was centered in the Cilicia region northwest of the Gulf of Alexandretta. The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syria
Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It is a unitary state, unitary republic that consists of Governorates of Syria, 14 governorates (subdivisions), and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, the east and southeast, Jordan to Jordan–Syria border, the south, and Israel and Lebanon to Lebanon–Syria border, the southwest. Cyprus lies to the west across the Mediterranean Sea. A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to demographics of Syria, diverse ethnic and religious groups, including the majority Syrians, Syrian Arabs, Kurds in Syria, Kurds, Syrian Turkmen, Turkmens, Assyrians in Syria, Assyrians, Armenians in Syria, Armenians, Circa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Izz Al-Din Ibn Shaddad
Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad al-Halabi (1217–1285) ( ar, عز الدين بن شدّاد) was an Arab scholar and official for the Ayyubids from Aleppo. Biography 'Izz al-Din Muhammad b. 'Ali ibn Shaddad al-Halabi, often quoted simply as Ibn Shaddad, is best known for his ''Al-a'laq al-khatira fi dhikr umara' al-Sham wa'l-Jazira'', a historical geography of Syria (al-Sham) and Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazira), which he wrote in exile in Egypt after the Mongols overran Syria. This work has been translated into French and published by Anne-Marie Eddé (on french Wikipedia) as ''Description de la Syrie du Nord'' in Damascus in 1984. He also wrote ''Ta'rikh al-Malik al-zahir'', a biography of Baybars I, the Mamluk Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ... ruler of Egypt. 121 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaykhusraw III
Kaykhusraw III ( 1ca, كَیخُسرو سوم) or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Qilij Arslān ( fa, غياث الدين كيخسرو بن قلج ارسلان; – 1284) was between two and six years old when in 1265 he was named Seljuq Sultan of Rûm. He was the son of Kilij Arslan IV, the weak representative of the Seljuq line who was controlled by the Pervane, Mu’in al-Din Suleyman. Reign (1265-1284) Mu’in al-Din Suleyman, empowered by the Mongol khan Abagha, had Kilij Arslan IV executed in 1266. The young Kaykhusraw became no more than a figurehead and played no part in the events of his reign, which were dominated first by the Pervane, the Mongol vizier of Rum and Fakhr al-Din Ali. In 1283 Kaykhusraw was co-opted by the Mongol Kangirtay into a revolt against the Ilkhan sovereign Ahmed. Kaykhusraw was executed for his involvement in the rebellion in March 1284. Kaykhusraw III was the last Seljuk sultan buried in the dynastic mausoleum at the Alaeddin Camii ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aksaray
Aksaray (, Koine Greek: Ἀρχελαΐς ''Arhelays'', Medieval Greek: Κολώνεια ''Koloneya'', Ancient Greek: Γαρσάουρα ''Garsaura'') is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Aksaray Province. In 2020 the province had an estimated population of 423,011 distributed over about . The average elevation is , with the highest point being Mt. Hasan ( Turkish: ''Hasan Dağı'') at . The city of Aksaray has a long history and was an important stopover point on the Silk Road that transited Anatolia for centuries. It is a pleasant small city with the Melendiz river running through it and several monuments dating back to the pre-Ottoman era as well as some impressive examples of government buildings from the early Turkish Republic that are gathered around the main square. The nearest airport is Kapadokya Nevşehir Airport (NAV) which is 62.1 km away from the city. Etymology In antiquity the area was named ''Archelais Garsaura'', which was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iqta
An iqta ( ar, اقطاع, iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa ( ar, اقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of tax farming that became common in Muslim Asia during the Buyid dynasty. Iqta has been defined in Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrators of an ''Iqta'' were known as ''muqti'' or ''wali''. They collected land revenue and looked after general administration. Muqtiʿs (, "holder of an iqtaʿ") had no right to interfere with the personal life of a paying person if the person stayed on the muqtiʿ's land. They were expected to send the collected revenue (after deducting collection and administration charges) to the central treasury. Such an amount to be sent was called ''Fawazil''. Theoretically, ''iqtas'' were not hereditary by law and had to be confirmed by a higher authority like a sultan or king. However, it was made hereditary by Firoz Tughlaq. Individual iqtaʿ holders in Middle Eastern societies had little incentive to provide public goods to the localities assigned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
