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Mistralian Norm
The Mistralian norm is a linguistic norm for the Occitan language Occitan (; ), also known by its native speakers as (; ), sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, .... It was first used in a published work by Joseph Roumanille in 1853, and then by Frédéric Mistral in 1854. Its aim is to make Provençal Occitan orthography closer to French, relying on a mixture of traditional spelling and French spelling conventions. The ''Tresor dòu Felibrige'', published by the '' Félibrige'' in 1878, was written entirely in the Mistralian norm. Comparison Some features include: * Using the letter ''o'' to represent a final or , where Classical Occitan uses ''a''. For example, becomes ''chato'' in the text above. * Using ''ou'' to represent , where Classical Occitan uses ''o''. For example, ''escolan'' becomes ''escoulan'' in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Norm
The literary norm, linguistic norm, linguistic standard, or language norm is a historically determined set of commonly used language assets, as well as rules for their selection and use, which have been recognized by society as the most appropriate in a particular historical period. These are the collective rules for implementing the language system. The language norm is one of the essential properties of language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of language devices and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is intended, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and changing social needs. (language norm), |
Occitan Language
Occitan (; ), also known by its native speakers as (; ), sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania. It is also spoken in Calabria ( Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese) named Gardiol, which is also considered a separate Occitanic language. Some include Catalan as a dialect of Occitan, as the linguistic distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, Spain, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese is spoken (in the Val d'Aran). Since September 2010, the Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Roumanille
Joseph Roumanille (; 8 August 1818 – 24 May 1891) was a Provençal poet. He was born at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), and is commonly known in southern France as the father of the Félibrige, for he first conceived the idea of raising his regional language to the dignity of a literary language. Biography Joseph Roumanille was the son of Jean-Denis Roumanille and Pierrette Piquet. He studied at the nearby ''collège'' (junior highschool) of Tarascon (Bouches-du-Rhône) from 1834. After working as ''clerc de notaire'' in the same town from 1836 to 1839, Roumanille published his first verses in the '' Écho du Rhône''. He then worked as a teacher in Nyons (Drôme), and later at the Dupuy ''collège'' in Avignon. When Roumanille was a teacher at Avignon, he discovered the genius of Frédéric Mistral, one of his pupils, and together they began what later became the Félibrean movement. He married Rose-Anaïs Gras, sister of Provençal poet and novelist Félix Gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frédéric Mistral
Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; , 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was an Occitan writer and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist". Mistral was a founding member of the Félibrige and member of the Académie de Marseille. His name in his native language was Frederi Mistral (Mistrau) according to the Mistralian orthography, or Frederic Mistral (or Mistrau) according to the classical orthography. Mistral's fame was owing in part to Alphonse de Lamartine who sang his praises in the 40th edition of his periodical ''Cours familier de littérature'', following the publication of Mistral's long poem '' Mirèio''. Alphonse Daudet, with whom he maintained a long friendship, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Orthography
The Occitan alphabet consists of the following 23 Latin letters: : The letters '' K, W'' and '' Y'' are considered foreign by Occitanians and are used only in words of foreign origin, incrementally integrated into Occitan, such as ''whisky'', ''watt'', ''Kenya''. They may be included in the Occitan alphabet following the order in the international alphabet. (standard Occitan orthography). Letter names The letter names are usually feminine. They may also be masculine, in which case the feminine names (''B''), (''V''), (''W'') and (''Y'') become masculine , , and . is co ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félibrige
The ''Félibrige'' (; in classical Occitan, in Mistralian spelling, ) is a literary and cultural association founded in 1854 by Frédéric Mistral and other Provençal writers to defend and promote the Occitan language (also called the ) and literature. It is presided over by a (classical norm: ). The name possibly derives from an apocryphal Provençal story of Christ disputing in the temple with the seven doctors ét félibreof law. Etymology The word '' félibrige'' is derived from '' félibre'', word of unclear origin. Origins Le Félibrige was founded at the Château de Font-Ségugne (located in Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne, Vaucluse) on 21 May 1854 ( Saint Estelle's day), by seven young Provençal poets: Théodore Aubanel, Jean Brunet, Paul Giéra, Anselme Mathieu, Frédéric Mistral, Joseph Roumanille and Alphonse Tavan. Together, they aimed to restore the Provençal language and codify its orthography. Its symbol is a seven-pointed star which, as Frederic Mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IETF Language Tag
An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code that is used to identify human languages on the Internet. The tag structure has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in ''Best Current Practice (BCP) 47''; the subtags are maintained by the ''IANA Language Subtag Registry''. To distinguish language variants for countries, Administrative division, regions, or writing systems (scripts), IETF language tags combine subtags from other standards such as ISO 639, ISO 15924, ISO 3166-1 and UN M.49. For example, the tag stands for English language, English; for Spanish language in the Americas, Latin American Spanish; for Romansh Sursilvan; for Serbian language, Serbian written in Cyrillic script; for Southern Min, Min Nan Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters, traditional Han characters, as spoken in Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwan; for Cantonese language, Cantonese using Traditional Chinese characters, traditional Han characters, as spoken in Hong Kong; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1853 Introductions
Events January–March * January 6 – ** Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. **U.S. President-elect Franklin Pierce's only living child, Benjamin "Benny" Pierce, is killed in a train accident. * January 8 – Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organizing a militia force to search for local bandits. * January 12 – Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army occupies Wuchang. * January 19 – Giuseppe Verdi's opera '' Il Trovatore'' premieres in performance at Teatro Apollo in Rome. * February 10 – Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou, and Wuchang, for the march on Nanjing. * February 12 – The city of Puerto Montt is founded in the Reloncaví Sound, Chile. * February 22 – Washington University in St. Louis is founded as Eliot Seminary. * March 5 – Saint Pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Inventions
France has made numerous contributions to scientific and technological development throughout its history. Royal patronage during the Kingdom era, coupled with the establishment of academic institutions, fostered early scientific inquiry. The 18th-century Enlightenment, characterized by its emphasis on reason and empirical observation, propelled the progress. While the French Revolution caused periods of instability, it spurred developments such as the standardization of the metric system. Pioneering contributions include the work of Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre in photography, advancements in aviation by figures like Clément Ader, foundational research in nuclear physics by Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie, and in immunology by Louis Pasteur. This list showcases notable examples. Arts and entertainment * Gothic art in the mid-12th century. * ''Ars nova'': a musical style which flourished in the Kingdom of France and its surroundings during the Late Middle Ages. * Obo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthography Reform
A spelling reform is a deliberate, often authoritatively sanctioned or mandated change to spelling rules. Proposals for such reform are fairly common, and over the years, many languages have undergone such reforms. Recent high-profile examples are the German orthography reform of 1996 and the on-off Portuguese spelling reform of 1990, which is still being ratified. There are various goals which may drive such reforms: facilitating literacy and international communication, making etymology clearer, or for aesthetic or political reasons. Opposition is often based upon concern that old literature will become inaccessible, the presumed suppression of regional accents, the need to learn the new spellings, making etymology less clear, or simple conservatism based on concern over unforeseen effects. Reforms which mainly eliminate needless difficulties ought to take account of such arguments. Reform efforts are further hampered by habit and, for many languages, a lack of a central aut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indo-European Latin-script Orthographies
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the northern Indian subcontinent, most of Europe, and the Iranian plateau with additional native branches found in regions such as Sri Lanka, the Maldives, parts of Central Asia (e.g., Tajikistan and Afghanistan), Armenia, and areas of southern India. Historically, Indo-European languages were also spoken in Anatolia. Some European languages of this family—English language, English, French language, French, Portuguese language, Portuguese, Russian language, Russian, Spanish language, Spanish, and Dutch language, Dutch—have expanded through colonialism in the modern period and are now spoken across several continents. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, including Albanian language, Albanian, Armenian language, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic languages, Celtic, Germanic languages, Germanic, Hellenic languages, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian, and Italic languages, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
