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Mineral Exploration In China
, more than 200 types of minerals are actively explored or mined in the People's Republic of China (PRC). These resources are widely but not evenly distributed throughout the country. Taken as a whole, Economy of China, China's economy and exports do not rely on the mining industry, but the industry is critical to various subnational governments of the PRC. Mining is extensively regulated in the PRC and involves numerous regulatory bodies. The Government of China, state owns all mineral rights, regardless of the ownership of the land on which the minerals are located. Mining rights can be obtained upon government approval, and payment of mining and prospecting fees. During the Mao Zedong era, mineral exploration and mining was limited to State-owned enterprises of China, state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises and private exploration of mineral resources was largely prohibited. The industry was opened to private enterprises during the Chinese economic reform in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coal Mine In Inner Mongolia 002
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other Chemical element, elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is a type of fossil fuel, formed when dead plant matter decays into peat which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands called coal forests that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian (geology), Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. Coal is used primarily as a fuel. While coal has been known and used for thousands of years, its usage was limited until the Industrial Revolution. With the invention of the steam engine, coal consumption increased. In 2020, coal supplied about a quarter of the world's primary energy and over a third of its Electricity generation, electricity. Some iron and steel-maki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marketization
Marketisation or marketization is a restructuring process that enables state enterprises to operate as market-oriented firms by changing the legal environment in which they operate. This is achieved through reduction of state subsidies, organizational restructuring of management ( corporatization), decentralization and in some cases partial privatization. These steps, it is argued, will lead to the creation of a functioning market system by converting the previous state enterprises to operate under market pressures as state-owned commercial enterprises. Aspects Marketized solutions of government and market externalities Here the government seeks to solve market and government externalities with market-based solutions rather than through direct administrative means. Supporters argue that the market externality of pollution can be addressed through the sale of pollution permits to companies and corporations, thus allowing the market to "see" the information and "realize" the h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belt And Road Initiative
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI or B&R), known in China as the One Belt One Road and sometimes referred to as the New Silk Road, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the government of China in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations. The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, and digital infrastructure and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports. BRI is both a geopolitical and a geoeconomic project''.'' Chinese Communist Party (CCP) general secretary Xi Jinping originally announced the strategy as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" during an official visit to Kazakhstan in September 2013. "Belt" refers to the proposed overland routes for road and rail transportation through landlocked Central Asia along the famed historical trade routes of the Western Regions; "road" refers to the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road – the Indo-Pacific sea routes through Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Development And Reform Commission
The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) is the third-ranked executive department of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, which functions as a macroeconomic management agency. Established as the State Planning Commission, the NDRC has broad administrative and planning control over the economy of mainland China, and has a reputation of being the "mini-state council". History The body was first established in November 1952 as the State Planning Commission of the Central People's Government. It was modeled after Gosplan. Gao Gang was its first director. In 1954, it was transformed to the State Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China. The NDRC's functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of the economic system of mainland China. In March 1998, the commission was renamed into the State Development Planning Commission. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circular Economy
A circular economy (also referred to as circularity or CE) is a model of resource Production (economics), production and Resource consumption, consumption in any economy that involves sharing, leasing, Reuse, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. The concept aims to tackle global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The main three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems. CE is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy. The idea and concepts of a circular economy have been studied extensively in academia, business, and government over the past ten years. It has been gaining popularity because it can help to minimize Greenhouse gas emis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Food And Strategic Reserves Administration
The National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration ( zh, Chinese=, c=国家粮食和物资储备局, s=, t=, p=) is a deputy ministerial-level national agency administered by the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after .... Its mandate is to stockpile strategic resources and intervene in markets using this stockpile when necessary. History The National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration is established in March 2018 as part of the deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions. The National Development and Reform Commission is responsible for management. Concurrently, the State Grain Bureau was abolished. On April 4, 2018, the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administrat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Go Out Policy
Go Out policy () or the Going Global Strategy is the People's Republic of China's current strategy to encourage its enterprises to invest overseas. The policy was announced as a national strategy by Jiang Zemin in March 2000. History China's Two Markets, Two Resources policy predated the Go Out policy and subsequently regarded as related to the Go Out policy. Two Markets, Two Resources, emphasizes leveraging domestic supply sources of resources (including through increased investment in prospecting and mining) and international sources of resources (through various strategies, including foreign acquisition, investment, short-term purchasing, and long-term purchase contracts). Also related, the One Third, One Third, One Third policy prescribes that in procuring natural resources, one third of China's supply should come from domestic production, one third from direct procurement contracts, and one third from foreign acquisitions. Jiang Zemin first began encouraging domestic enterp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Non-ferrous Metal
In metallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron ( allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts. Generally more costly than ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight (e.g. aluminium), higher conductivity (e.g. copper), non- magnetic properties or resistance to corrosion (e.g. zinc). Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries. For example, bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces, while others such as wolframite, pyrolusite, and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys. Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, lead, tin, titanium, and zinc, and alloys such as brass. Precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as mercury, tungsten, beryllium, bismuth, cerium, cadmium, niobium, indium, gallium, germanium, lithium, selenium, tantalum, tellurium, vanadium, and zirconium ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferrous
In chemistry, iron(II) refers to the chemical element, element iron in its +2 oxidation number, oxidation state. The adjective ''ferrous'' or the prefix ''ferro-'' is often used to specify such compounds, as in ''ferrous chloride'' for iron(II) chloride (). The adjective ''ferric'' is used instead for iron(III) salts, containing the cation Fe3+. The word ''wikt:ferrous, ferrous'' is derived from the Latin word , meaning "iron". In salt (chemistry), ionic compounds (salts), such an atom may occur as a separate cation (positive ion) abbreviated as Fe2+, although more precise descriptions include other ligands such as water and halides. Iron(II) centres occur in coordination complexes, such as in the anion ferrocyanide, , where six cyanide ligands are bound the metal centre; or, in organometallic compounds, such as the ferrocene , where two cyclopentadienyl anions are bound to the FeII centre. Ferrous ions in biology All known forms of life require iron. Many proteins in living ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petroleum Industry In China
The impact of the petroleum industry has been increasing globally as the People's Republic of China ranks seventh for oil production and second in crude oil consumption in the world. China became the world's largest oil importer in 2013. History Early history The late Qing dynasty banned mining because of the traditional cosmological beliefs which regarded the land as a sacred legacy. This ban was lifted during the modernization effort of the Self-Strengthening Movement as the Qing dynasty sought to develop a modern navy and modern industry. In 1875, the court designated Cizhou (in what is now Hebei province) and Taiwan as testing grounds for oil extraction. Qing attempts at oil exploration were hampered by corruption, low efficiency, and lack of sufficient domestic investment capacity for oil extraction and transportation. The Qing court was also concerned about foreign investment and the perceived risk of selling the country to foreigners. Nationalist Era In the 1930s, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coal In China
The People's Republic of China is the largest producer and consumer of coal and coal power in China, coal power in the world. China produces approximately 4.8 billion tons of coal per year, over half of the global total. In 2024, coal accounted for approximately 59% of China’s electricity generation, with wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear contributing most of the remainder. Specifically, wind and solar generated 10% and 9% of total electricity respectively, followed by hydropower (13%) and nuclear power (4%). In 2024, China began construction on approximately 94.5 gigawatts (GW) of new coal-fired power capacity, marking the highest annual addition since 2015. Analysts generally frame new coal plants as backup capacity intended to stabilize the grid and ensure supply reliability as intermittent renewables like wind and solar become more dominant. However, a contrasting view highlights that coal mining companies are playing a dominant role in financing these new coal power p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxation In China
Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. Value-added tax (VAT) produces the largest share of tax revenue in China and corporate income tax producing the next largest share. Tax is a key component of macro-economic policy, and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform, China has sought to set up a streamlined tax system geared to a socialist market economy. Most taxes are based on regulations established by the State Council. Detailed tax rules are established by the State Council Committee on Tariff Regulations, the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration, and the Customs Office. A few kinds of taxes are based on laws passed by the National People's Congress. Types of taxes VAT produces the largest share of China's tax revenue. Corporate income tax is the next largest. Taxes in China include: *Turnover taxes. This includes VAT and Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
