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Middle Turkic Languages
Middle Turkic is a term used by linguists to refer to a group of Karluk, Oghuz and Kipchak languages spoken during much of the Middle Ages (c. 900–1500 CE) in Central Asia, Iran, and parts of the Near East controlled by Seljuk Turks. Classification Middle Turkic can be divided into eastern and western branches. Eastern Middle Turkic consists of Karakhanid (also called Khaqani Turkic), a literary language which was spoken in Kashgar, Balasaghun and other cities along the Silk Road and its later descendants such as Khorezmian Turkic and Chagatai. The western branch consists of Kipchak languages documented in '' Codex Cumanicus'' and various Mamluk Kipchak texts from Egypt and Syria, and Oghuz Turkic represented by Old Anatolian Turkish. Old Anatolian Turkish was noted to be initially influenced by Eastern Middle Turkic traditions. Karluk and Oghuz "Middle Turkic" period overlaps with the East Old Turkic period, which covers the 8th to 13th centuries, thus sometimes K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Asia
Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Persian suffix "-stan" (meaning ) in both respective native languages and most other languages. The region is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the southwest, European Russia to the northwest, China and Mongolia to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the south, and Siberia to the north. Together, the five Central Asian countries have a total population of around million. In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras ( and earlier) Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by Iranian peoples, populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, Khwarezmian language, Chorasmians, and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae. As the result of Turkic migration, Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Volga Tatars, Tatars, Turkmens, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Cumanicus
The Codex Cumanicus is a linguistic manual of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans, a nomadic Turkic people. It is currently housed in the Library of St. Mark, in Venice (BNM ms Lat. Z. 549 (=1597)). The codex was created in Crimea in 14th century and is considered one of the oldest attestations of the Crimean Tatar language, which is of great importance for the history of Kipchak and Oghuz dialects — as directly related to the Kipchaks (Polovtsy, Kumans) of the Black Sea steppes and particularly the Crimean peninsula. Origin and content It consists of two parts. The first part consists of a dictionary in Latin, Persian and Cuman written in the Latin alphabet, and a column with Cuman verbs, names and pronouns with its meaning in Latin. The second part consists of Cuman- German dictionary, information about the Cuman grammar, and poems belonging to Petrarch. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali-Shir Nava'i
'Ali-Shir Nava'i (9 February 1441 – 3 January 1501), also known as Nizām-al-Din ʿAli-Shir Herawī ( Chagatai: نظام الدین علی شیر نوایی, ) was a Timurid poet, writer, statesman, linguist, Hanafi Maturidi mystic and painter who was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Nava'i believed that his native Chagatai Turkic language was superior to Persian for literary purposes, an uncommon view at the time and defended this belief in his work titled '' Muhakamat al-Lughatayn'' (''The Comparison of the Two Languages''). He emphasized his belief in the richness, precision and malleability of Turkic vocabulary as opposed to Persian. Due to his distinguished Chagatai language poetry, Nava'i is considered by many throughout the Turkic-speaking world to be the founder of early Turkic literature. Many places and institutions in Central Asia are named after him, including the province and city of Navoiy in Uzbekistan. Many monuments and busts in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kutadgu Bilig
The ''Kutadgu Bilig'' or ''Qutadğu Bilig'' (; Khaqani Turkic: ) is an 11th-century work written by Yūsuf Balasaguni for the prince of Kashgar. The text reflects the author's and his society's beliefs, feelings and practices with regard to quite a few topics and depicts interesting facets of various aspects of life in the Kara-Khanid Khanate. Author At several points throughout the ''Kutadgu Bilig'', the author talks some about himself; from this we know a certain amount about him. The author of the ''Kutadgu Bilig'' was named Yūsuf and was born in Balasagun, which at the time was the winter capital of the Karakhanid empire and was located near present-day Tokmok in Kyrgyzstan. He was about 50 years old when he completed the ''Kutadgu Bilig'' and upon presenting the completed work to the prince of Kashgar, was awarded the title Khāṣṣ Ḥājib (), translating as something like "Privy Chamberlain" or "Privy Councilor". He is often referred to as Yūsuf Khāṣṣ � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yusuf Balasaghuni
Yusuf ( ') is a male name meaning "God increases" (in piety, power and influence).From the Hebrew יהוה להוסיף ''YHWH Lhosif'' meaning "YHWH will increase/add". It is the Arabic equivalent of the Hebrew name Yosef and the English name Joseph. It is widely used in many parts of the world by Arabs of all Abrahamic religions, including Middle Eastern Jews, Arab Christians, and Muslims. It is also transliterated in many ways, including Yousef, Yousif, Youssef, Youssif, Yousuf, Yoosuf and Yusef. Given name Yousaf * Yousaf Ali Khan, British film director *Yousaf Aziz Magsi (1908–1935), Baloch leader from the present-day Balochistan province of Pakistan * Yousaf Borahil Al-Msmare (1866–1931), Libyan Muslim resistance leader fighting against Italian colonization Yossef * Yossef Karami (born 1983), Iranian Taekwondo athlete *Yossef Romano (1940–1972), Libyan-born Israeli weightlifter (also known as Joseph Romano or Yossi Romano), killed in the 1972 Munich massacre Yo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dīwān Lughāt Al-Turk
The ' (; translated to English as the ''Compendium of the languages of the Turks'') is the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, compiled between 1072–74 by the Kara-Khanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari, who extensively documented the Turkic languages of his time.Kemal H. Karpat, ''Studies on Turkish Politics and Society:Selected Articles and Essays'', (Brill, 2004), 441. Importance Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk was intended for use by the Caliphs of Baghdad, who were controlled by the Seljuk Turks. It has a map that shows countries and regions from Japan (''Cabarka'' / ''Jabarka'') to Egypt. The book also included the first known map of the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples. The book was dedicated to Al-Muqtadi, Abu'l-Qasim Abdullah in Baghdad in 1077. The manuscript has 638 pages, and about 7500 Turkish words explained in the Arab language. The compendium documented evidence of Turkic migration and the expansion of the Turkic tribes and Turkic languages into Central Asi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Al-Kashgari
Mahmud ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari; ; , Мәһмуд Қәшқири; , Махмуд Қашғарий was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar. His father, Husayn, was the mayor of Barsgan, a town in the southeastern part of the lake of Issyk-Kul (nowadays village of Barskoon in Northern Kyrgyzstan's Issyk-Kul Region) and related to the ruling dynasty of Kara-Khanid Khanate. Around 1057 AD, Mahmud al-Kashgari became a political refugee, before settling down in Baghdad. Work Al-Kashgari studied the Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad, he compiled the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the (English: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks") in 1072–74. It was intended for use by the Abbasid Caliphate, the new Arab allies of the Turks. Mahmud Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary, later edited by the Turkish historian, Ali Amiri, contains specimens of old Turkic poetry in the typical fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
Ahmad Yasawi (, ; ; 1093–1166) was a Turkic peoples, Turkic poet and Sufism, Sufi, an early mystic who exerted a powerful influence on the development of tariqa, Sufi orders throughout the Turkic languages, Turkic-speaking world. Yasawi is the earliest known Turkic poet who composed poetry in Middle Turkic languages, Middle Turkic. He was a pioneer of popular mysticism, founded the first Turkic Sufi order, the ''Yasawiyya'' or ''Yeseviye'', which very quickly spread over Turkic-speaking areas. He was a Hanafi scholar like his ''murshid'' (spiritual guide), Yusuf Hamadani.The Foundation of the Presidency of Religious Affairs, ''İslâm Ansiklopedisi, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam'', Vol. 2pp. 159-161(in Turkish), İstanbul, 1989. Early life Ahmed Yesevi was born to Ibrahim in Sayram (city), Sayram at the end of the 11th century. He lost his father at the age of seven and was then raised by . By then, Yasawi had already advanced through a series of high spiritual stages and, under th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Turkic
Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia. It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Classification and dialects Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language, some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak, Sergey Malov, Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Anatolian Turkish
Old Anatolian Turkish or Old Turkish, also referred to as Old Anatolian Turkic, (, Perso-Arabic script: اسکی انادولو تورکچهسی), was the form of the Turkish language spoken in Anatolia from the 11th to 15th centuries. It developed into Early Ottoman Turkish. It was written in the Perso-Arabic script. Unlike in later Ottoman Turkish, short-vowel diacritics were used. It had no official status until 1277, when Mehmet I of Karaman declared a firman in an attempt to break the dominance of Persian: , dir="rtl", : , : , :''From now on nobody in the palace, in the divan, council, and at the hearings should speak any language other than Turkish.'' History It has been erroneously assumed that the Old Anatolian Turkish literary language was created in Anatolia and that its authors transformed a primitive language into a literary medium by submitting themselves to Persian influence. In reality, the Oghuz Turks who came to Anatolia brought their own written ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
