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Maria Emhart
Maria Emhart (born Maria Raps: 27 May 1901 - 9 October 1981) was an Austrian Resistance during World War II, resistance activist who survived the Nazi Germany, Hitler years and, in 1953, became a national politician (Social Democratic Party of Austria, SPÖ). Life Provenance and early years Maria Emhart was born in Pyhra, a small town on the edge of Sankt Pölten and a short distance to the west of Vienna. She was the first-born of her parents' five children. Johann Raps, her father was a railwayman. He drank. Maria Kreutzer her mother, aged just 17 at the time of Maria's birth, was a farm worker. When she was three months old her parents married one another. During her childhood the family lived in a two-room apartment in a social housing development (''"Barackensiedlung"'') in Sankt Pölten. There was never enough to eat. The children went without shoes between April and October each year, and at nights slept two to a bed. Factory work Money was short, and when she was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyhra
Pyhra () is a town with 3286 inhabitants in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in Lower Austria, Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous .... Geography Pyhra is located in the hill country of the Mostviertel in Lower Austria, near the city St. Pölten. The biggest mountain is the Amerlingkogel (628 m). The area is 66.73 square kilometers big. 40.04 per cent of the area is wooded. Districts Districts are Adeldorf, Aigen, Atzling, Auern, Baumgarten, Blindorf, Brunn, Ebersreith, Egelsee, Fahra, Gattring-Raking, Getzersdorf, Heuberg, Hinterholz, Hummelberg bei Hinterholz, Kirchweg, Nützling, Oberburbach, Obergrub, Oberloitzenberg, Obertiefenbach, Perersdorf, Perschenegg, Pyhra, Reichenhag, Reichgrüben, Schauching, Schnabling, Steinbach, Unterburbach, Unterloitzenb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party State
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "''de facto'' one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power. Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain, the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state. Concept One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franz Jonas
Franz Josef Jonas (4 October 1899 – 24 April 1974) was an Austrian politician who served as the President of Austria between 1965 and 1974. He was a typesetter by profession and a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. After World War II, he got involved in Viennese communal politics and was mayor of Vienna from 1951 to 1965. From 1965, he was federal president and was re-elected in 1971. Jonas was a fervent supporter of Esperanto, and starting in 1923, became a long-time instructor of the language. His address to the 1970 World Congress of Esperanto, which was held in Vienna, was delivered in Esperanto. In 1974, he died in office, the fourth consecutive president to do so. In Vienna, a large tram station officially called '' Schottentor'' which was built when he was mayor is colloquially named after him (''Jonas-Reindl'', which translates as ''Jonas bowl''). In 1966, Jonas was awarded the Grand Cross of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav The Royal Norwegi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Adler (politician)
Friedrich Wolfgang "Fritz" Adler (9 July 1879 – 2 January 1960) was an Austrian socialist politician, physicist, philosopher and journalist. He is perhaps best known for his assassination of Minister-President Karl von Stürgkh in 1916. Early years Friedrich Wolfgang Adler was born in Vienna, the son of politician Victor Adler (1852–1918), founder of the Austrian Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP), and his wife Emma, née Braun (1858–1935), sister of the German publisher Heinrich Braun. Following his father's wishes, he studied chemistry, physics and mathematics at the ETH Zurich, where he became a close friend of Albert Einstein. Political career He committed himself to the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland and in 1897 joined the association of Austrian Social Democrats, working as a journalist. In 1910, Adler became editor of the newspaper ''Volksrecht'' in Zurich. While still established at the ETH, Adler participated in the philosophical discussion about ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julius Deutsch
Julius Deutsch (February 2, 1884, Lackenbach, Austria-Hungary – January 17, 1968, Vienna, Austria) was a politician of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, member of Parliament between 1920-1933 and co-founder and leader of the Social Democrat militia "Republikanischer Schutzbund" (Republican Defense Association). Leader of the Schutzbund Julius Deutsch founded the "Schutzbund" in 1923 as an answer to the paramilitary organization "Heimwehr" (Home Guard), which was ideologically related to the Christian Social Party. He remained its leader until its destruction in 1934. Schutzbund members were primarily recruited out of the "Deutschösterreichische Volkswehr" (German-Austrian People's Guard). It had been organized by Deutsch himself as Under Secretary of State in the Department of Armed Forces (November 1918 until March 1919) and as Secretary of State in the Department of Armed Forces (March 1919 until October 1920). After the defeat of the Republican Guard dur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Renner
Karl Renner (14 December 1870 – 31 December 1950) was an Austrian politician and jurist of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. He is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" because he led the first government of German-Austria and the First Austrian Republic in 1919 and 1920, and was once again decisive in establishing the present Second Republic after the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, becoming its first President after World War II (and fourth overall). Early life Renner was born the 18th child of an ethnic German family of poor wine-growers in Unter-Tannowitz (present-day Dolní Dunajovice in the Czech Republic), then part of the Margraviate of Moravia, a crown land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Because of his intelligence, he was allowed to attend a selective '' gymnasium'' in nearby Nikolsburg (Mikulov), where one of his teachers was Wilhelm Jerusalem. From 1890 to 1896 he studied law at the University of Vienna. In 1895 he was one of the foun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adelheid Popp
Adelheid Popp (11 February 1869 – 7 March 1939) was an Austrian feminist and socialist who worked as a journalist and politician. Early life Adelheid Popp, born Adelheid Dworschak, was born 11 February 1869, into a poor working-class family in Inzersdorf, Vienna, Austria (now part of Liesing). Out of 15 children, only five survived in the family, and Popp was the youngest of the five. Her father, Adalbert, was a weaver and an abusive alcoholic. Popp grew up in a violent environment, and at six years old her father died, leaving the family more impoverished than before. She received three years of formal education, only to have to leave school at the age of 10 to help support her family. She worked briefly as a domestic worker, as a seamstress' apprentice crocheting handkerchiefs, and finally as a factory worker. In the mid-1880s she became interested in politics. A friend of her brother introduced her to the working class social movement and social democratic newspapers a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emmy Freundlich
Emma Freundlich (25 June 1878 – 16 March 1948) was an Austrian writer and politician. In 1919 she was one of eight women elected to the Constituent Assembly, becoming the country's first female parliamentarians. She remained in parliament until 1934, when she was arrested and imprisoned following the Austrian Civil War. Biography Freundlich was born Emma Kögler, the youngest daughter of Adolf Kögler, a wealthy engineer and liberal politician who served as mayor of Aussig (now Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic).Emmy Freundlich Frauen Sichtbar Machen In 1900 she travelled to Gretna Green against the wishes of her family to marry [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Bauer
Otto Bauer (5 September 1881 – 4 July 1938) was one of the founders and leading thinkers of the left-socialist Austromarxists who sought a middle ground between social democracy and revolutionary socialism. He was a member of the Austrian Parliament from 1907 to 1934, deputy party leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) from 1918 to 1934, and Foreign Minister of the Republic of German-Austria in 1918 and 1919. In the latter position he worked unsuccessfully to bring about the unification of Austria and the Weimar Republic. His opposition to the SDAP joining coalition governments after it lost its leading position in Parliament in 1920 and his practice of advising the party to wait for the proper historical circumstances before taking action were criticized by some for facilitating Austria's move from democracy to fascism in the 1930s. When the SDAP was outlawed by Austrofascist Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg in 1934, Bauer went into exile where he continued to work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
