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Majapahit
Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island of Java (in modern-day Indonesia). At its greatest extent, following significant military expansions, the territory of the empire and its tributary states covered almost the entire Nusantara (term), Nusantara archipelago, spanning both Asia and Oceania. After a Regreg war, civil war that weakened control over the vassal states, the empire slowly declined before collapsing in 1527 due to an Demak–Majapahit conflicts, invasion by the Demak Sultanate, Sultanate of Demak. The fall of Majapahit saw the rise of History of Indonesia#Islamic civilizations, Islamic kingdoms in Java. Established by Raden Wijaya in 1292, Majapahit rose to power after the Mongol invasion of Java and reached its peak during the era of the queen Tribhuwana Wijayatungga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Bubat
The Battle of Bubat, also known as ''Pasunda Bubat'', is the battle between the Sunda Kingdom, Sundanese royal family and the Majapahit army that took place in Bubat Square on the northern part of Trowulan (Majapahit capital city) in 1279 Saka or 1357 CE. Historical account The historical account of ''Pasunda Bubat'' is mentioned in ''Carita Parahyangan'' (16th century) and ''Pararaton'' (15th century), but not found in the ''Nagarakretagama'' (14th century), while the story of the battle of Bubat is the main theme of the Balinese manuscript ''Kidung Sunda'' (c. mid 16th century). The Battle of Bubat was mentioned in a segment of the 15th-century Javanese chronicle of ''Pararaton''. The author of this manuscript is unknown, composed in the form of chronicles around 1474–1486, while the literary part was composed as history between 1500–1613. This manuscript was first published by J.L.A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist, in 1896, complete with translations, notes, and comments. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trowulan
Trowulan is an archaeological site in Trowulan (subdistrict), Trowulan Subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency, in the Indonesian province of East Java. It includes approximately 100 square kilometres and has been theorized to be the site of the eponymous capital city of the Majapahit, Majapahit Empire, which is described by Mpu Prapanca in the 14th-century poem Nagarakretagama and in a 15th-century Chinese source. When it was the capital of the Majapahit Empire, the city was known as Wilwatikta, which is a name also synonymous with the empire's name. It was razed during the invasion of Girindrawardhana to defeat Kertabhumi in 1478. After this event Majapahit's capital was moved to Daha (Kediri (city), Kediri). The Trowulan Museum includes a collection of artifacts. The Nagarakretagama contains poetic descriptions of the palace of Majapahit and its surroundings but is limited to the royal and religious sectors. Some of the details are vague, so scholars who have tried to compile a plan o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya, also known as Nararya Sangramawijaya and his regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana was a Javanese emperor and founder of the Majapahit Empire who ruled from 1293 until his death in 1309.Slamet Muljana, 2005, ''Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara'', Yogyakarta: LKiS, . The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His rule was marked by the victory against the army and the Mongol navy of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty. Ancestry There are several versions of his ancestry. According to Pararaton, Raden Wijaya was the son of Mahisa Campaka, prince of Singhasari. Mahisa Campaka alias Narasingamurti is the son of Mahisa Wonga Teleng. Meanwhile, Mahisa Wonga Teleng was the son of Ken Arok, founder of the Rajasa dynasty. According to later controversial source from 17th century, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Raden Wijaya was the son of Rakey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mongol Invasion Of Java
The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1293 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia, with 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers. This was intended as a punitive expedition against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of their emissaries. However, in the intervening years between Kertanegara's refusal and the expedition's arrival on Java, Kertanegara had been killed and Singhasari had been usurped by Kediri Kingdom, Kediri. Thus, the Yuan expeditionary force was directed to obtain the submission of its successor state, Kediri Kingdom, Kediri, instead. After a fierce campaign, Kediri surrendered, but the Yuan forces were betrayed by their erstwhile ally, Majapahit, under Raden Wijaya. In the end, the invasion ended with Yuan failure and strategic victory for the new state, Majapahit. Background Kublai Khan, Kublai, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, had sent envoys to many states demanding that they pay tributes and submit themselve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nagarakertagama
The ''Nagarakretagama'' or ''Nagarakṛtāgama'', also known in Bali as ''Desawarnana'' or ''Deśavarṇana'', is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire. It was written on lontar as a ''kakawin'' by Mpu Prapanca in 1365 (1287 Saka year). The ''Nagarakretagama'' contains detailed descriptions of the Majapahit Empire during its greatest extent. The poem affirms the importance of Hindu–Buddhism in the Majapahit empire by describing temples and palaces and several ceremonial observances. The manuscript In 1894, the Dutch East Indies launched a military expedition against the Cakranegara royal house of Lombok. That year, the Dutch took the manuscript as part of the valuable '' Lombok treasure'', war booty from the destroyed palace of Mataram-Cakranagara in Lombok. The first Western scholar to study the manuscript was , a Dutch philologist. He accompanied the KNIL expedition to Lombok in 1894 and is credited with saving the valua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surya Majapahit
Surya Majapahit ( Kawi: ꦱꦸꦂꦪꦩꦙꦭꦲꦶꦡ꧀, Sanskrit: मजपहितस्य सूर्य) (Surya of the Majapahit) is the emblem commonly found in ruins dated from the Majapahit era. The emblem commonly took the form of an eight-pointed sun ray with the rounded part in the center depicting Hindu deities. The emblem might have taken the form of a cosmological diagram haloed by typical sun rays, or a simple circle with typical sun rays. Because of the popularity of the Surya emblem during the Majapahit era, it has been suggested that may have served as the imperial symbol of the Majapahit empire. Hindu deities The most common depiction of Surya Majapahit consists of the images of nine deities and eight sun rays. The round center of the sun depicting nine Hindu Gods called '' Dewata Nawa Sanga''. The major gods in the center is arranged in eight cardinal points around Shiva in the center. The arrangements are: *Center: Shiva *East: Isvara *West: Mahadeva *N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Regreg War
The Regreg War (often erroneously called the ''Paregreg'') was a civil war that took place in 1404–1406 within the Javanese people, Javanese empire of Majapahit. The conflict was fought as a war of independence between the ''Trowulan, Kedhaton Kulon'' (Western court) led by Wikramawardhana against the breakaway ''Lumajang, Kedhaton Wetan'' (Eastern court) of Blambangan Kingdom, Blambangan led by Bhre Wirabhumi. This war of rivalry and secession had caused calamity, crisis, court's preoccupation, the drain of financial resources, and exhaustion, which is thought to be one of the causes of Majapahit's decline in the following years. Terminology This conflict is usually referred to as the Paregreg, but that term is based on a linguistic misunderstanding. In the Pararaton chronicle, in which the term for this war is found, events are labelled by adding the prefix ''pa-'' to one or more keywords. For example, the Javanese attack on Malayu in Sumatra in 1275 is called ''pamalayu'', th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Demak–Majapahit Conflicts
The Demak-Majapahit conflicts were a series of conflicts between the rising Demak Sultanate and the waning Majapahit Empire. It marked the defeat of forces loyal to the legitimate Majapahit ruler, Bhre Kertabhumi (Prince Kertabhumi), by Girindrawardhana, son of Singhavikramavardhana, and the independence of the Demak Sultanate under Raden Patah. 1478 is used to date the end of the Majapahit Empire. The Sudarma Wisuta was the second biggest war in ancient Java. The war ended in stalemate as Girindrawardhana killed Demak commander (General Ngundung) and Demak Forces destroyed Girindrawardhana logistics. This battle was a strategic victory for Demak, because after the battle the Demak power and forces grew dramatically. This battle was the last chance for Daha to conquer Demak, because after this battle Daha lost its numerical advantage. Background The Demak Sultanate was founded by Raden Patah in 1475. According to Babad Tanah Jawi, he was the son of Kertabhumi and a Chinese conc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Vuruk ( Indonesian: ''Hayam Wuruk'', Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after 1350, was a Javanese Hindu emperor from the Rajasa dynasty and the 4th emperor of the Majapahit Empire. Together with his prime minister Gajah Mada, he reigned the empire at the time of its greatest power. During his reign, the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, became ingrained in the culture and worldview of the Javanese through the ''wayang kulit'' (leather puppets).Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012Encyclopedia of Global Religion Volume 1, Page 557. He was preceded by Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, and succeeded by his son-in-law Wikramawardhana. Most of the accounts of his life were taken from the '' Nagarakretagama'', a eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, and the ''Pararaton'' ("Book of Kings"), a Javanese historical chronicle. Early life According to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, also known as Dyah Gitarja or Gitarja, was a Javanese queen regnant/ empress and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350. She also bears the title Bhre Kahuripan (Duchess of Kahuripan). With the help of her prime minister Gajah Mada, she pursued a massive expansion of the empire. Tradition mentioned her as a woman of extraordinary valour, wisdom and intelligence. Early life According to Geneng II inscription, her given name was Dyah Tya. She was the first daughter of King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana, the founder of Majapahit Empire by his principal wife Dyah Gayatri who held the title of ''Rajapatni''. The king was a descendant of Ken Arok, the founder of Singhasari Kingdom through Mahisa Wonga Teleng's lineage. While, Queen Gayatri was the youngest daughter of King Kertanagara, the last ruler of Singhasari from Anusapati's lineage. Thus, making Tya a prominent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vikramavardhana
Vikramavardhana (), often known by his regnal name Bhra Hyang Wisesa was a Javanese emperor and succeeded Hayam Wuruk as the fifth monarch of the Majapahit, reigning from 1389 to 1429. Early life His ksatria name was Raden Gagak Sali as stated in Pararaton. He was the nephew and also the son-in-law of the previous monarch, King Rajasanagara Dyah Hayam Wuruk. His mother was the king's younger sister, Rajasaduhiteswari or Wardhanaduhiteswari or Iswari in short. Krom interpreted it as "the illustrious Wardhana's daughter, Iswari". The term "Wardhana" referred to Prince consort Kertawardhana, husband of Queen Tribhuwana. She was given the title ''Bhre'' Pajang and married to Singhawardhana, ''Bhre'' Paguhan. According to Pararaton, Vikramavardhana had two younger sisters. The older one was Nagarawardhani, she would be the wife of Vikramavardhana's rival in the future. She was originally the ''Bhre'' Wirabhumi before the title shifted to her husband and she became ''Bhre'' Lasem. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jayanegara
Jayanegara or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet) was a Javanese emperor and the second monarch of the Majapahit Empire from 1309 to his death in 1328, and also Prince of Kediri from 1295. Jayanegara was the heir, crown prince, and only son of Raden Wijaya, the founder of Majapahit. The story of his life was written in several records, including the ''Pararaton'' and ''Negarakertagama''. His reign saw the beginning of Gajah Mada's rise to influence in the empire. Early life Dyah Wijaya took all of Kertanegara's four daughters' hands in marriage. The sisters were ''Parameswari'' Tribhuwana also known as Trubhuwaneswari (the eldest), Prajnaparamita, Narendraduhita, and ''Rajapatni'' Gayatri (the youngest). The reason for Dyah Wijaya's practice of sibling polygamy was to ensure his claim of legitimacy and to prevent the contest for Kertanegara's S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
