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List Of Austrian Chancellors By Longevity
The chancellor of Austria is the head of government of Austria, appointed by the president and viewed as the country's ''de facto'' chief executive. The chancellor chairs and leads the Cabinet, which also includes the vice-chancellor and the ministers. Following World War I, the office was established by the Provisional National Assembly on 30 October 1918 and named state chancellor of the Republic of German-Austria, and its first holder, Karl Renner, was appointed by the State Council. After the Allied powers denied German-Austria to merge with the Weimar Republic, the country formed the federal First Austrian Republic and the office was renamed from state chancellor to federal chancellor. The first federal chancellor was Michael Mayr. There have been ten chancellors who served under the First Republic until Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss created the authoritarian and dictatorial Federal State of Austria. Following Dollfuss's assassination by Austrian National Socialists, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaiserschützen
The ''k.k. Landesschützen'' (in English, "imperial-royal country 'or'' provincialrifleman") – from 16 January 1917 ''Kaiserschützen'' ("imperial rifleman") – were three regiments of Austro-Hungarian mountain infantry during the '' kaiserliche und königliche Monarchie'' (the "imperial and royal monarchy"). As a rule, only Tyrolean and Vorarlbergen men were enlisted in the Landesschützen. History The Tyrolean ''Landesschützen'' ("territorial infantry") were established on 19 December 1870 with ten battalions. Two companies of mounted infantry were added in 1872. In 1906, they were reorganized on the pattern of the Italian ''Alpini'' as mountain troops. Despite being territorial forces, the ''Kaiserschützen'' were used in the First World War in many theatres and took heavy losses. Deployments 1914–1918 * Galicia: Lemberg, Gródek, Przemyśl, Pilica, Limanowa Lapanow, Gorlice Tarnów, Carpathia * Serbia * Tyrol, Carniola: Monte Cristallo, Monte Piano ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Council (German-Austria)
The State Council (german: Staatsrat) was the executive leadership of the Republic of German-Austria, a collegiate body established in the last days of World War I by the Provisional National Assembly. Details The council comprised the three co-equal Presidents of the National Assembly Franz Dinghofer, Johann Hauser (who had replaced Jodok Fink) and Karl Seitz, as well as 20 other elected members of the National Assembly. One member was chosen to serve as state notary and had the task to sign acts of the State Council into law. The state notary was solely charged with validating these acts and not with countersigning them, which would have otherwise granted him the power of denial. The three Presidents of the National Assembly, the head of the chancellery (Chancellor Karl Renner) and the state notary formed the Directory of the State Council. The State Council appointed the First Renner government as of 30 October 1918. On 12 November 1918, the council provisionally a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ostmark (Austria)
Ostmark (, "Eastern March") was the name used by Nazi propaganda from 1938 to 1942 to replace that of the formerly independent Federal State of Austria after the ''Anschluss'' with Nazi Germany. From the ''Anschluss'' until 1939, the official name used was Land Österreich ("State of Austria"). History Once Austrian-born Adolf Hitler completed the union between his birth country and Germany ''(Anschluss)'', the Nazi government had the incorporated territory renamed. The name ''Austria'' (''Österreich'' in German, meaning "Eastern Realm") was at first replaced by "Ostmark", referring to the 10th century '' Marcha orientalis''. The change was meant to refer to Austria as the new "eastern march" of the Reich. In August 1938, the ''Donau-Zeitung'' proudly referred to Passau as "the cradle of the new ''Ostmark''". Subdivision According to the ''Ostmarkgesetz'' with effect from 1 May 1939 the former States of Austria were reorganized into seven ''Reichsgaue'', each under the rule of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baldur Von Schirach
Baldur Benedikt von Schirach (9 May 1907 – 8 August 1974) was a German politician who is best known for his role as the Nazi Party national youth leader and head of the Hitler Youth from 1931 to 1940. He later served as ''Gauleiter'' and ''Reichsstatthalter'' ("Reich Governor") of Vienna. After World War II, he was convicted of crimes against humanity during the Nuremberg trials and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Early life Schirach was born in Berlin, the youngest of four children of theatre director, grand ducal chamberlain and retired captain of the cavalry Carl Baily Norris von Schirach (1873–1948) and his American wife Emma Middleton Lynah Tillou (1872–1944). A member of the noble Schirach family, of Sorbian West Slavic origins, three of his four grandparents were from the United States, chiefly from Pennsylvania. English was the first language he learned at home and he did not learn to speak German until the age of five. He had two sisters, Viktoria and the o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josef Bürckel
Joseph Bürckel (30 March 1895 – 28 September 1944) was a German Nazi politician and a member of the German parliament (the Reichstag). He was an early member of the Nazi Party and was influential in the rise of the National Socialist movement. He played a central role in the German acquisition of the Saarland and Austria. He held the posts of '' Gauleiter'' and ''Reichsstatthalter'' in both Gau Westmark and Reichsgau Vienna. Biography Joseph Bürckel was born in Lingenfeld, in the Bavarian Palatinate (German: ''Rheinpfalz'') as the son of a tradesman. From 1909 to 1914 he studied to become a teacher in Speyer. Bürckel volunteered for service with Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment 12 in the First World War. He served with several different field artillery regiments and was honorably discharged in May 1916. After the war, he continued his training as a teacher and graduated in 1920. He was employed as a teacher, and eventually as a headmaster, until September 1930 when h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichsstatthalter
The ''Reichsstatthalter'' (, ''Imperial lieutenant'') was a title used in the German Empire and later in Nazi Germany. ''Statthalter des Reiches'' (1879–1918) The office of ''Statthalter des Reiches'' (otherwise known as ''Reichsstatthalter'') was instituted in 1879 by the German Empire for the areas of Alsace (''Elsaß'') and Lorraine (''Lothringen'') that France had ceded to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War. It was a form of governorship intended to exist while Alsace-Lorraine became a federal state of the Empire. It was abolished when Alsace-Lorraine was, in turn, ceded back to France after Germany lost World War I. Nazi Germany During the Third Reich, the Nazis re-created the office of ''Reichsstatthalter'' (Reich Governor or Reich Deputy) to gain direct control over all states (other than Prussia) after winning the general elections of 1933. Their independent state governments and parliaments were successively abolished, and the Reich government took ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austria Under National Socialism
Austria under Nazism describes the period of Austrian history from 12 March 1938 when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany (the event is commonly known as ''Anschluss'') until 8 May 1945 with the fall of Nazi Germany. Austrians were generally enthusiastic supporters of union with Germany. Throughout World War II, 950,000 Austrians fought for Nazi Germany's armed forces. Other Austrians participated in the Nazi administration, from death camp personnel to senior Nazi leadership; the majority of the bureaucrats who implemented the Final Solution were Austrian. After World War II, many Austrians sought comfort in the idea of Austria as being the first victim of the Nazis. Although the Nazi party was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of denazification that was imposed on Germany. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the ''Anschluss'' was only an imposition of rule by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anschluss
The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938. The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a " Greater Germany") began after the unification of Germany excluded Austria and the German Austrians from the Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871. Following the end of World War I with the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918, the newly formed Republic of German-Austria attempted to form a union with Germany, but the Treaty of Saint Germain (10 September 1919) and the Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) forbade both the union and the continued use of the name "German-Austria" (); and stripped Austria of some of its territories, such as the Sudetenland. Prior to the , there had been strong support in both Austria and Germany for unification of the two countries. In the immediate aftermath of the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy—with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart (German: Seyß-Inquart, ; 22 July 1892 16 October 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before the ''Anschluss''. His positions in Nazi Germany included "deputy governor to Hans Frank in the General Government of Occupied Poland, and '' Reich commissioner'' for the German-occupied Netherlands" including shared responsibility "for the deportation of Dutch Jews and the shooting of hostages". During World War I, Seyss-Inquart fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army with distinction. After the war he became a successful lawyer, and went on to join the governments of Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. In 1938, Schuschnigg resigned in the face of a German invasion, and Seyss-Inquart was appointed his successor. The newly installed Nazis proceeded to transfer power to Germany, and Austria subsequently became the German province of Ostmark, with Seyss-Inquart as its governor (''Reichsstatt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurt Schuschnigg
Kurt Alois Josef Johann von Schuschnigg (; 14 December 1897 – 18 November 1977) was an Austrian Fatherland Front politician who was the Chancellor of the Federal State of Austria from the 1934 assassination of his predecessor Engelbert Dollfuss until the 1938 ''Anschluss'' with Nazi Germany. Although Schuschnigg accepted that Austria was a "German state" and that Austrians were Germans, he was strongly opposed to Adolf Hitler's goal to absorb Austria into the Third Reich and wished for it to remain independent. When Schuschnigg's efforts to keep Austria independent had failed, he resigned his office. After the Anschluss he was arrested, kept in solitary confinement and eventually interned in various concentration camps. He was liberated in 1945 by the advancing United States Army and spent most of the rest of his life as part of the academia in the United States.Obituary of Schuschnigg in ''The Times'', London, 19 November 1977 Biography Early life Schuschnigg was born in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Socialists
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany. During Hitler's rise to power in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitlerism (german: Hitlerfaschismus). The later related term "neo-Nazism" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the Second World War. Nazism is a form of fascism, with disdain for liberal democracy and the parliamentary system. It incorporates a dictatorship, fervent antisemitism, anti-communism, scientific racism, and the use of eugenics into its creed. Its extreme nationalism originated in pan-Germanism and the ethno-nationalist '' Völkisch'' movement which had been a prominent aspect of German nationalism since the late 19th century, and it was strongly influenced by the paramilitary groups that emerged afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Engelbert Dollfuss
Engelbert Dollfuß (alternatively: ''Dolfuss'', ; 4 October 1892 – 25 July 1934) was an Austrian clerical fascist politician who served as Chancellor of Austria between 1932 and 1934. Having served as Minister for Forests and Agriculture, he ascended to Federal Chancellor in 1932 in the midst of a crisis for the conservative government. In early 1933, he dissolved parliament and assumed dictatorial powers. Suppressing the Socialist movement in February 1934 during the Austrian Civil War and later banning the Austrian Nazi Party, he cemented the rule of "Austrofascism" through the authoritarian '' First of May Constitution''. Dollfuss was assassinated as part of a failed coup attempt by Nazi agents in 1934. His successor Kurt Schuschnigg maintained the regime until Adolf Hitler's annexation of Austria in 1938. Early life Dollfuss was born to a poor, peasant family in the hamlet of Great Maierhof in the commune of St. Gotthard near Texingtal in Lower Austria. Young Dollfus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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