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Lauge-Hansen Classification
The Lauge-Hansen classification is a system of categorizing ankle fractures based on the foot position and the force applied. __TOC__ Classification See also * Danis–Weber classification The Danis–Weber classification (often known just as the Weber classification) is a method of describing ankle fractures. It has three categories: ;Type A Fracture of the fibula distal to the syndesmosis (the connection between the distal ends ... * Herscovici classification References Bone fractures Ankle fracture classifications Injuries of ankle and foot {{Orthopedics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ankle Fracture
An ankle fracture is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, bruising, and an inability to walk on the injured leg. Complications may include an associated high ankle sprain, compartment syndrome, stiffness, malunion, and post-traumatic arthritis. Ankle fractures may result from excessive stress on the joint such as from rolling an ankle or from blunt trauma. Types of ankle fractures include lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, posterior malleolus, bimalleolar, and trimalleolar fractures. The Ottawa ankle rule can help determine the need for X-rays. Special X-ray views called stress views help determine whether an ankle fracture is unstable. Treatment depends on the fracture type. Ankle stability largely dictates non-operative vs. operative treatment. Non-operative treatment includes splinting or casting while operative treatment includes fixing the fracture with metal implants through an open reduction internal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medial Malleolus
A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The lateral malleolus is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The word ''malleolus'' (), plural ''malleoli'' (), comes from Latin and means "small hammer". (It is cognate with '' mallet''.) Medial malleolus The medial malleolus is found at the foot end of the tibia. The medial surface of the lower extremity of tibia is prolonged downward to form a strong pyramidal process, flattened from without inward - the medial malleolus. * The ''medial surface'' of this process is convex and subcutaneous. * The ''lateral'' or ''articular surface'' is smooth and slightly concave, and articulates with the talus. * The ''anterior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bone Fractures
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a ''comminuted fracture''. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. Signs and symptoms Although bone tissue contains no pain receptors, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons: * Breaking in the continuity of the periosteum, with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors. * Edema and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain. * Involuntary muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments in place. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herscovici Classification
The Herscovici classification is a system of categorizing medial malleolus fractures of the distal tibia based on level. __TOC__ Classification {, class="wikitable" , - ! Type ! Description , - , A , Avulsion fracture of the anterior colliculus involving the superficial deltoid ligament , - , B , Intermediate fracture , - , C , Fracture at the level of the plafond ( Lauge-Hansen external rotation-abduction type) , - , D , Plafond fracture ( Lauge-Hansen supination-adduction type) See also * Ankle fracture * Pilon fracture * Danis–Weber classification * Lauge-Hansen classification The Lauge-Hansen classification is a system of categorizing ankle fractures based on the foot position and the force applied. __TOC__ Classification See also * Danis–Weber classification The Danis–Weber classification (often known just as t ... References Bone fractures Ankle fracture classifications Injuries of ankle and foot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danis–Weber Classification
The Danis–Weber classification (often known just as the Weber classification) is a method of describing ankle fractures. It has three categories: ;Type A Fracture of the fibula distal to the syndesmosis (the connection between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula). Typical features: * below level of the ankle joint * tibiofibular syndesmosis intact * deltoid ligament intact * medial malleolus occasionally fractured * usually stable: occasionally nonetheless requires an open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) particularly if medial malleolus fractured ;Type B Fracture of the fibula at the level of the syndesmosis. Typical features: * at the level of the ankle joint, extending superiorly and laterally up the fibula * tibiofibular syndesmosis intact or only partially torn, but no widening of the distal tibiofibular articulation * medial malleolus may be fractured or deltoid ligament may be torn * variable stability ;Type C Fracture of the fibula proximal Standard anato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole.Saladin, Ken. Anatomy & Physiology. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Connect. Webp.274/ref> They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs. The connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. Joints are classified both structurally and functionally. Classification The number of joints depends on if sesamoids are included, age of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiral Fracture
A spiral fracture (a.k.a. torsion fracture) is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone. Spiral fractures often occur when the body is in motion while one extremity is planted. For example, a spiral fracture of the tibia (the shinbone) can occur in young children when they fall short on an extended leg while jumping. This occurrence is known as "toddler's fracture". Spiral fractures are also recognized as being suspicious in very young children since to obtain a fracture of this sort requires forceful twisting or jerking of the limbs. Child abuse (physical abuse) and certain conditions such as osteogenesis imperfecta Osteogenesis imperfecta (; OI), colloquially known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that all result in bones that break easily. The range of symptoms—on the skeleton as well as on the body's other organs—may b ... (OI) are considered differentials when identifying spiral or tor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syndesmosis
In anatomy, fibrous joints are joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones are called sutures. Such immovable joints are also referred to as synarthroses. Types Most fibrous joints are also called "fixed" or "immovable". These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called '' sutures''. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid ( synarthrodial). Some of the long bones in the body such as the radius and ulna in the forearm are joined by a '' syndesmosis'' (along the interosseous membrane). Syndemoses are slightly moveable ( amphiarthrodial). The distal tibiofibular joint is another example. A '' gomphosis'' is a joint between the root of a tooth and the socket in the max ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comminuted Fracture
A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a ''comminuted fracture''. A bone fracture may be the result of high force impact or stress, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta, where the fracture is then properly termed a pathologic fracture. Signs and symptoms Although bone tissue contains no pain receptors, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons: * Breaking in the continuity of the periosteum, with or without similar discontinuity in endosteum, as both contain multiple pain receptors. * Edema and hematoma of nearby soft tissues caused by ruptured bone marrow evokes pressure pain. * Involuntary muscle spasms trying to hold bone fragments in place ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abduction (kinesiology)
Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. ''Flexion'' and ''extension'' are examples of ''angular'' motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. ''Rotational'' motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder, and are described as ''internal'' or ''external''. Other terms, such as ''elevation'' and ''depression'', describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pronation
Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. ''Flexion'' and ''extension'' are examples of ''angular'' motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. ''Rotational'' motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder, and are described as ''internal'' or ''external''. Other terms, such as ''elevation'' and ''depression'', describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deltoid Ligament
The deltoid ligament (or medial ligament of talocrural joint) is a strong, flat, triangular band, attached, above, to the apex and anterior and posterior borders of the medial malleolus. The deltoid ligament is composed of 4 fibers: 1. Anterior tibiotalar ligament 2. Tibiocalcaneal ligament 3. Posterior tibiotalar ligament 4. Tibionavicular ligament. It consists of two sets of fibers, superficial and deep. Superficial fibres Of the superficial fibres, * ''tibionavicular'' pass forward to be inserted into the tuberosity of the navicular bone, and immediately behind this they blend with the medial margin of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament; * ''tibiocalcaneal'' descend almost perpendicularly to be inserted into the whole length of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; * ''posterior tibiotalar'' from the posterior colliculus of the medial malleolus to the posteromedial surface of the talus Deep fibres The deep fibres (''anterior tibiotalar'') are attached from the anter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
