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Loft Conversion
A loft conversion or an attic conversion is the process of transforming an empty attic space or loft into a functional room, typically used as a bedroom, office space, a gym, or storage space. Loft conversions are one of the most popular forms of home improvement in the United Kingdom as a result of their numerous perceived benefits. Another type of loft conversion is converting non-residential spaces (most commonly warehouses, docks, former factories or water towers) into habitable homes. This form of loft conversion has its origins in the USA during the 1960s. Artists created living spaces on the upper levels of obsolete industrial buildings, sometimes located in the heart of the city. Feasibility The first stage of any loft conversion is a close inspection of the loft space to find out its exact dimensions and whether conversion is feasible. On entering the loft one needs to establish if there is adequate room under the ridge of the roof. A measurement of 2.3 metres is req ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Permitted Development Order
The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order 2015 (SI 2015/596) (the "GPDO 2015") is a statutory instrument, applying in England, that grants planning permission for certain types of development without the requirement for approval from the local planning authority (such development is then referred to as permitted development). Schedule 2 of the GPDO 2015 specifies the classes of development for which planning permission is granted, and specifies the exceptions, limitations, and conditions that apply to some of these classes. The GPDO 2015 was made by the Secretary of State under authority granted by sections 59, 60, and 333 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, and section 54 of the Coal Industry Act 1994. The Order revokes and replaces the Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995. History The GPDO 2015 came into force in England on 15 April 2015, and was introduced by Statutory Instrument 2015 No. 596. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roof Window
A roof window is an outward opening window that is incorporated as part of the design of a roof A roof (: roofs or rooves) is the top covering of a building, including all materials and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or on uprights, providing protection against rain, snow, sunlight, extremes of tempera .... Often confused with a skylight, a roof window differs in a few basic ways. A roof window is often a good option when there is a desire to allow both light and fresh air into the space. A roof window is different from a tubular skylight in that the light is not directed through any type of channel or tube in order to provide lighting for the interior of a building. This type of light tube design is often employed with buildings where the installation of a skylight or roof window is not practical. While a roof window is normally included in the original construction of the building, it is possible to add the design feature to an exist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nationwide Building Society
Nationwide Building Society is a British mutual financial institution and the largest building society in the world. As of 2024, it serves over 16 million members and operates entirely for their benefit, without shareholders. The society was established through the consolidation of over 250 smaller UK building societies throughout the 20th century, making it one of the most significant mutual mergers in British financial history. Headquartered in Swindon, England, Nationwide offers a wide range of retail banking services including mortgage loan, mortgages, savings accounts, current accounts, credit cards, personal loans, and insurance products. Nationwide is one of the largest cooperative banking, cooperative financial institutions globally. As of June 2025, it reported total assets of £367.9 billion and employed 17,680 people. It operates 605 branches across the United Kingdom which is more than any other UK banking brand and it reaffirmed in 2024 its "Branch Promise" to main ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rolled Steel Joist
An I-beam is any of various structural members with an - (serif capital letter 'I') or H-shaped cross section (geometry), cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam, I-profile, universal column (UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish language, Polish, Bulgarian language, Bulgarian, Spanish language, Spanish, Italian language, Italian, and German language, German). I-beams are typically made of structural steel and serve a wide variety of construction uses. The horizontal elements of the are called flanges, and the vertical element is known as the "web". The web resists shear forces, while the flanges resist most of the bending moment experienced by the beam. The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation shows that the -shaped section is a very efficient form for carrying both bending and shearing (physics), shear loads in the plane of the web. On the other hand, the cross-section has a reduced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of French Architects
The following is a chronological list of France, French architects. Some of their major architectural works are listed after each name. Middle Ages Étienne de Bonneuil (late 13th century) * Uppsala Cathedral, Sweden Jean de Chelles (13th century) * Notre Dame de Paris Pierre de Montreuil (–1266) * Notre Dame de Paris * the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés * Saint Denis Basilica Matthias of Arras (?–1352) * Saint Vitus Cathedral in Prague Villard de Honnecourt (14th century) – architecture plans Pierre d'Angicourt (late 13th century) * Lucera Castle, Lucera castle Pierre de Chaule (late 13th century) * Castel Nuovo Renaissance to Revolution Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau () *Important book of architectural engravings Philibert Delorme (or De L'Orme) (1510/1515–1570) * Chateau d'Anet () – for Diane de Poitiers * Tuileries Palace (1564–1567) Pierre Lescot (1515–1578) * Louvre Palace (Lescot Wing, 1546) – for Francis I of France, Francis I an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staircase
A stairwell or stair room is a room in a building where a stair is located, and is used to connect walkways between floors so that one can move in height. Collectively, a set of stairs and a stairwell is referred to as a staircase or stairway. In buildings with several housing units, a stairway can be a necessary common area for getting to and from apartments. Staircases provide vertical access to connected floors in a multi-story building, and are a functional part of it. Stairwells are often used to place several staircases vertically, one above the other. The entrance to elevators is often located in the stairwell. Sometimes the stairwell goes around the lift shaft, other times it is placed next to it. A ''landing'' platform area is generally provided at both ends of a staircase, rather than having a long series of steps that directly leads to a doorway without a flat area between the steps and the door. Minimum requirements for landing platforms are typically establish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dormer
A dormer is a roofed structure, often containing a window, that projects vertically beyond the plane of a Roof pitch, pitched roof. A dormer window (also called ''dormer'') is a form of roof window. Dormers are commonly used to increase the usable space in a loft and to create window openings in a roof plane. A dormer is often one of the primary elements of a loft conversion. As a prominent element of many buildings, different types of dormer have evolved to complement different styles of architecture. When the structure appears on the spires of churches and cathedrals, it is usually referred to as a ''lucarne''. History The word ''dormer'' is derived from the Middle French , meaning "sleeping room", as dormer windows often provided light and space to attic-level bedrooms. One of the earliest uses of dormers was in the form of lucarnes, slender dormers which provided ventilation to the spires of English Gothic architecture, English Gothic churches and cathedrals. An early ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Building Regulations In The United Kingdom
Building regulations in the United Kingdom are statutory instrument (UK), statutory instruments or statutory regulations that seek to ensure that the policies set out in the relevant legislation are carried out. Building regulations approval is required for most building work in the UK. Building regulations that apply across England and Wales are made under powers set out in the Building Act 1984 (c. 55) while those that apply across Scotland are set out in the Building (Scotland) Act 2003. The Building Act 1984, as amended by the (c. 30), permits detailed regulations to be made by the Secretary of State for England and by a Welsh Minister for Wales. As 'Building Regulations' and 'Building Safety' are devolved areas of law, in the four parts of the UK. The building regulations made under the Building Act 1984 have been periodically updated, rewritten or consolidated, with the latest and current version being the Building Regulations 2010. The UK Government (at Westminster) is r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Light
Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be visual perception, perceived by the human eye. Visible light spans the visible spectrum and is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequency, frequencies of 750–420 terahertz (unit), terahertz. The visible band sits adjacent to the infrared (with longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) and the ultraviolet (with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies), called collectively ''optical radiation''. In physics, the term "light" may refer more broadly to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. The primary properties of light are intensity (physics), intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization (waves), polarization. Its speed of light, speed in vacuum, , is one of the fundamental physi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skylight
A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass, that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes. History Open skylights were used in Ancient Roman architecture, such as the oculus of the Pantheon. Glazed 'closed' skylights have been in use since the Industrial Revolution, when advances in glass manufacturing made them practical. Since the mid-20th century, mass production of skylights has brought them to many more uses and contexts. Energy conservation has brought new motivation for installing skylights, design innovations (including options in light transmission), and skylight efficiency ratings. Description Skylighting types include roof windows, unit skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), sloped glazing, and custom skylights. Uses include: * daylighting elements used to allow direct and/or indirect sunlight, via toplighting. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
