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List Of U.S. Biological Weapons Topics
The United States had an offensive biological weapons program from 1943 until 1969. Today, the nation is a member of the Biological Weapons Convention and has renounced biological warfare. Agencies and organizations Military and government agencies and schools *United States Army Biological Warfare Laboratories (USBWL) *United States Army Chemical Corps *War Bureau of Consultants *War Research Service Biological weapons program locations *United States biological weapons program :*Dugway Proving Ground ::* Granite Peak Range :*Edgewood Arsenal :*Fort Detrick and the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories ::*Building 470 ::*One-Million-Liter Test Sphere :*Fort Douglas, Utah ::*Deseret Test Center :*Fort Terry/Plum Island Animal Disease Center ::*Building 101 ::*Building 257 :*Horn Island Testing Station :*Pine Bluff Arsenal :*Rocky Mountain Arsenal :*Vigo Ordnance Plant Treaties, laws and policies *Biological Weapons Convention *Geneva Protocol *Statement on Chemical and B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Biological Weapons Program
The United States biological weapons program officially began in spring 1943 on orders from U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt. Research continued following World War II as the U.S. built up a large stockpile of biological agents and weapons. Over the course of its 27-year history, the program weaponized and stockpiled the following seven bio-agents (and pursued basic research on many more): *'' Bacillus anthracis'' ( anthrax) *'' Francisella tularensis'' ( tularemia) *'' Brucella'' spp ( brucellosis) *'' Coxiella burnetii'' ( Q-fever) * Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus * Botulinum toxin ( botulism) * Staphylococcal enterotoxin B Throughout its history, the U.S. bioweapons program was secret. It was later revealed that laboratory and field testing (some of the latter using simulants on non-consenting individuals) had been common. The official policy of the United States was first to deter the use of bio-weapons against U.S. forces and secondarily to retaliate if deterrence fai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Building 101
Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) is a United States federal research facility dedicated to the study of foreign animal diseases of livestock. It is part of the Department of Homeland Security Directorate for Science and Technology, and operates as a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The facility's director is Dr. Larry Barrett. Since 1954, the center has been tasked with protecting America's livestock from animal diseases. During the Cold War, a secret biological weapons program targeting livestock was conducted at the site, which ended in 1969 when President Nixon declared an end to the United States' offensive bioweapons program. Today the facility maintains laboratories up to biosafety level 3, but has remained controversial as a result of its high risk work and proximity to the New York metropolitan area. The facility is slated for closure in 2023, with work moving to the National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility under construction in Manhattan, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SPD Mk I
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany. Saskia Esken has been the party's leader since the 2019 leadership election together with Lars Klingbeil, who joined her in December 2021. After Olaf Scholz was elected chancellor in 2021 the SPD became the leading party of the federal government, which the SPD formed with the Greens and the Free Democratic Party, after the 2021 federal election. The SPD is a member of 11 of the 16 German state governments and is a leading partner in seven of them. The SPD was established in 1863. It was one of the earliest Marxist-influenced parties in the world. From the 1890s through the early 20th century, the SPD was Europe's largest Marxist party, and the most popular political party in Germany. During the First World War, the party split between a pro-war mainstream and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Project St
A project is any undertaking, carried out individually or collaboratively and possibly involving research or design, that is carefully planned to achieve a particular goal. An alternative view sees a project managerially as a sequence of events: a "set of interrelated tasks to be executed over a fixed period and within certain cost and other limitations". A project may be a temporary (rather than a permanent) social system (work system), possibly staffed by teams (within or across organizations) to accomplish particular tasks under time constraints. A project may form a part of wider programme management or function as an ''ad hoc'' system. Note that open-source software "projects" or artists' musical "projects" (for example) may lack defined team-membership, precise planning and/or time-limited durations. Overview The word ''project'' comes from the Latin word ''projectum'' from the Latin verb ''proicere'', "before an action," which in turn comes from ''pro-'', which de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flettner Rotor (bomblet)
The Flettner rotor bomblet was a U.S. biological sub-munition that was never mass-produced. Based on the vertical Flettner rotor which takes advantage of the Magnus effect, a force acting on a spinning body in a moving airstream, it was developed toward the end of the U.S. biological weapons program in the 1960s. History The Flettner rotor biological bomblet was an experimental cluster bomb sub-munition developed by the U.S. Army during the 1960s,Eitzen, Edward M. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare'': Chapter 20 - Use of Biological Weapons,PDF p. 5), ''Borden Institute'', Textbooks of Military Medicine, PDF via Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base Maxwell Air Force Base , officially known as Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, is a United States Air Force (USAF) installation under the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The installation is located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. O ..., accessed November 16, 2008. as the U.S. Biological warfare, biological weap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E99 Bomblet
E99 can refer to: * King's Indian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code * E 99 road (United Arab Emirates), a road in the United Arab Emirates * Embraer R-99, an aircraft type * European route E99, European road in Turkey * Element 99, a fictional element in the video game ''Singularity (video game), Singularity''. {{Letter-number combination disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E77 Balloon Bomb
The E77 balloon bomb was a U.S. anti-crop biological munition based on the design of Japanese fire balloons. The E77 used feathers as a vector to disseminate anti-crop agents from a hydrogen-filled balloon and was first developed in 1950. Background In the late stages of World War II, Japan employed thousands of incendiary and antipersonnel weapons via unmanned balloon, using some 9,300 of these devices, releasing them into the high altitude jet stream to travel over the Pacific Ocean to the North American mainland. The Japanese use of these balloon munitions inspired the E77, though no direct connection was made between the two.Whitby, Simon M. ''Biological Warfare Against Crops'',Google Books, Macmillan, 2002, pp. 157–67, (). History Development of the E77 balloon bomb began in 1950. The design of the E77 was based on the design for the World War II Japanese bomb and approved by the Army's Chemical Corps Technical Committee in April 1951. At time of its development the E77 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statement On Chemical And Biological Defense Policies And Programs
The "Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs" was a speech delivered on November 25, 1969, by U.S. President Richard Nixon. In the speech, Nixon announced the end of the U.S. offensive biological weapons program and reaffirmed a no-first-use policy for chemical weapons. The statement excluded toxins, herbicides and riot-control agents as they were not chemical and biological weapons, though herbicides and toxins were both later banned. The decision to ban biological weapons was influenced by a number of domestic and international issues. Push for a U.S. ban When Richard Nixon selected Melvin Laird as his Secretary of Defense in early 1969, Laird directed the Department of Defense to undertake a comprehensive review of U.S. biological warfare (BW) programs.Mangold, Tom. ''Plague Wars: The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare''. Macmillan, 1999, pp. 54-57, (). Laird's push for a review of both the chemical and biological programs arose when Congress a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geneva Protocol
The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 and entered into force on 8 February 1928. It was registered in ''League of Nations Treaty Series'' on 7 September 1929. The Geneva Protocol is a protocol to the Convention for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War signed on the same date, and followed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. It prohibits the use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods of warfare". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vigo Ordnance Plant
The Vigo Ordnance Plant, also known as the Vigo Chemical Plant or simply Vigo Plant, was a United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ... facility built in 1942 to produce conventional weapons. In 1944 it was converted to produce biological agents for the United States biological weapons program, U.S. bio-weapons program. The plant never produced any bio-weapons before the end of World War II but did produce 8000 pounds of an anthrax simulant. The plant was transferred to Pfizer after the war; the company operated it until announcing its closure in 2008. Location The Vigo Ordnance Plant was located on of a more than government-owned tract and cost $21 million to build. The facility was constructed in the Honey Creek Township, Vigo County, Indiana, Honey Cree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was a United States chemical weapons manufacturing center located in the Denver Metropolitan Area in Commerce City, Colorado. The site was completed December 1942, operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992. Much of the site is now protected as the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. History After the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entered World War II, the U.S. Army began looking for land to create a chemical manufacturing center. Located just north of Denver, in Commerce City and close to the Stapleton Airport, the U.S. Army purchased . The location was ideal, not only because of the proximity to the airport, but because of the geographic features of the site, it was less likely to be attacked. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
