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Legislative Elections In France
Legislative elections in France ( French: ''élections législatives en France''), or general elections (French: ''élections générales'') per the Constitution's wording, determine who becomes Members of Parliament, each with the right to sit in the National Assembly, which is the lower house of the French Parliament. Legislative elections under the Fifth Republic Constituencies The total number of constituencies has varied since 1958 but since the 1986 electoral reform re-establishing the two-round system for legislative elections, the total number of constituencies is 577. The last electoral boundaries readjustment dates back to 2010. Out of the 577 existing constituencies, there are: * 539 constituencies in metropolitan France; * 27 constituencies in the Overseas; * 11 constituencies for French people living abroad. Moreover, the French Constitution sets the maximum number of MPs at 577. Timing MPs are elected for a five-year-term. Following the reduction of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Plain
The Plain (), also known as the Marsh (), was the majority of independent deputies in the National Convention during the French Revolution. They were the most moderate and the most numerous group (around 400 deputies) of the National Convention, as they sat between the Girondins on their right and the Montagnards (the Mountain) on their left. Their name arises from the fact their benches were by the debating floor, lower down from the Montagnards. Its members were also known as ''Maraisards'', or derogatorily ''Toads'' () as toads live in marshes. Coming mostly from the liberal and republican bourgeoisie, the Plain was attached to the political conquests of 1789 and to the work of the French Revolution and wanted the union of all republicans. In practice, this group was very heterogeneous as it included noblemen and clericals like Henri Grégoire, François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas, Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès; at the same time, som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacobin (politics)
A Jacobin (; ) was a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that was the most famous political club during the French Revolution (1789–1799). The club got its name from meeting at the Dominican rue Saint-Honoré Monastery of the Jacobins. The Dominicans in France were called ''Jacobins'' (, corresponds to ''Jacques'' in French and ''James'' in English) because their first house in Paris was the Saint Jacques Monastery. The terms Jacobin and Jacobinism have been used in a variety of senses. Prior to 1793, the terms were used by contemporaries to describe the politics of Jacobins in the congresses of 1789 through 1792. With the ascendancy of Maximilien Robespierre and the Montagnards into 1793, they have since become synonymous with the policies of the Reign of Terror, with Jacobinism now meaning "Robespierrism". As Jacobinism was memorialized through legend, heritage, tradition and other nonhistorical means over the centuries, the term acquir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1799 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in France between 9 and 16 April 1799 to elect one-third of the members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, the lower and upper houses of the legislature. Background Following the Coup of 11 May 1798 (22 Floréal year VI in the Republican calendar), the small Jacobin minority led by Generals Jean-Antoine Marbot and Jean-Baptiste Jourdan harassed the Directory, with the occasional support of directorial deputies exasperated by the encroachments of the executive. The opposition to the Jacobins continued to grow with the deteriorating situation of the War of the Second Coalition. In Messidor, they managed to form a small coalition government, forming a majority in the Council of the Five Hundred to refuse to allow the Directory to complete the court of cessation, even if the Council of Elders voted in their prerogative. After the loss of Italy, the Minister of War, Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer, was accused of what ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1798 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in France between 9 and 18 April 1798 to elect one-third of the members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, the lower and upper houses of the legislature, as well as 201 vacant seats. They marked the beginning of the end of the French far-left and rise of the anti-Montagnard and anti-Jacobin groupings. The 1798 elections were partially invalidated by the passage of the Law of 22 Floréal Year VI which saw 106 Montagnards lose their seats by decree of the Council of Five Hundred. Background After the Coup of 18 Fructidor Year V, which saw the union of pro-Republican French parties (The Mountain, Jacobins, and Thermidorians), faced with the threat of a bourbon restoration, the reconstitution of the 'clubs' is authorised. With the new 'constitutional circles', these clubs would help public authorities to help rid any 'Monarchists' and support the Republican defence policy. However, this partially led to a backfire when terro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1797 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in France between 21 March and 2 April 1797 to elect one-third of the members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, the lower and upper houses of the legislature, which were under the Directory. Background Following the events of the Conspiracy of Equals, the Jacobins and Montagnards lost their majority in the house, due to their support of François-Noël Babeuf. This led to a massive pro-Royalist push in the country, which increased with the impending end to the War of the First Coalition. Though the Royalists disagreed on who they would want to see as the proper pretender to the throne, they did in-fact agree that legally being elected would be the only means which they would re-establish the monarchy. Then, they would call for the dissolution of the Directory, but see the recreation of the Constitution of 1791 with a new National Assembly. The Royalists were also divided on the future however, with the Absolutists (la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1795 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in France between 12 and 21 October 1795 (20 to 29 Vendémiaire, Year IV) to elect one-third of the members of the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients, the lower and upper houses of the legislature. The elections were held in accordance with the Constitution of the Year III and the first under the French Directory. Background During the summer of 1795, following the Thermidorian Reaction, members of the National Assembly began working on a new constitution that would not favour any certain party or group, while providing more support to centrists and moderates (later becoming the Plain) and avoiding any extreme use of power seen during the Reign of Terror of Maximilien Robespierre. Under the Constitution of the Year III, the Directory (''Directoire'') was established, which was a mix of the two former constitutions (1791 and 1793). The Directory was split into two branches (upper house, the Council of Ancients made up of indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1792 French National Convention Election
Legislative elections were held in France in August and September 1792 to elect deputies to the National Convention. Primary elections to elect members of electoral colleges were held in August, with the electoral colleges subsequently voting from 2 to 19 September. The elections established the nation's first government without the monarch, Louis XVI. On 20 September the Convention gathered for the first time. From 26 August the candidates were elected by an electoral college; royalist and Girondin candidates were boycotted. On the same day news reached Paris that the Prussian army had occupied Longwy. On 28 August the assembly ordered a curfew for the next two days. The city gates were closed; all communication with the country was stopped. On 29 August the Prussians attacked Verdun. When this news arrived it escalated panic in the capital; the situation was highly critical. In the afternoon of 2 September the September Massacres began. The electoral colleges voted from 2 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1791 French Legislative Election
Legislative elections were held in France between 29 August and 5 September 1791, the first national elections to the Legislative Assembly. They took place during a period of turmoil caused by the Flight and Arrest at Varennes, the Jacobin split, the Champ-de-Mars Massacre and the Pillnitz Declaration. Suffrage was limited to men paying taxes, although less than 25% of those eligible to do so voted. Background The Flight to Varennes, also known as the Flight of Louis XVI, on 20 June 1791 caused unrest in the Constituent Assembly and helped to discredit the constitutional monarchy in the eyes of the Parisian patriots. Even though the deputies arrested both Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette the very next day, in the minds of some, the Republic became a possible regime. The Constituante, which on the whole remained monarchist and legalist, declared that Louis XVI had been kidnapped and was therefore not guilty, in response to an influx of petitions calling for the King's depos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultra-royalist
The Ultra-royalists (, collectively Ultras) were a Politics of France, French political faction from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration in France, Bourbon Restoration. An Ultra was usually a member of the nobility of high society who strongly supported Roman Catholicism as the state and only legal religion of France, the House of Bourbon, Bourbon monarchy, Social class, traditional hierarchy between classes and Suffrage#Census suffrage, census suffrage (privileged voting rights), while rejecting the political philosophy of General will, popular will and the interests of the bourgeoisie along with their Liberalism, liberal and Liberal democracy, democratic tendencies. The Legitimists, another of the main Right-wing politics, right-wing factions identified in René Rémond's ''Les Droites en France'', were disparagingly classified with the Ultras after the 1830 July Revolution by the victors, the Orléanists, who deposed the Bourbon dynasty for the more liberal king Louis P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Club De Clichy
The Clichy Club () was a Political faction, political group active during the French Revolution from 1794 to 1797. History During the French Revolution, the Clichy Club formed in 1794 following the fall of Maximilien Robespierre, 9 Thermidor an II (27 July 1794). The political club that came to be called the Clichyens met in rooms in the rue de Clichy, which led west towards the fashionable Parisian suburb of Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, Clichy. The club was initially constituted around the dismissed deputés of the National Convention, most of whom had been imprisoned during the Reign of Terror. Under the French Directory, French Directorate, they began to play an increasingly important role on the Right-wing politics, political right, embracing Modérantisme, moderatism Republicanism, republicans and Monarchiens, monarchists, namely those who still believed that in a constitutional monarchy based in part on the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, British model lay the best future for Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feuillant (political Group)
The Society of the Friends of the ConstitutionIt was the original name of the Jacobin Club until its radicalization after the Republic's birth. (), better known as Feuillants Club ( ), was a political grouping that emerged during the French Revolution. It came into existence on 16 July 1791. The assembly split between the Feuillants on the right, who sought to preserve the position of the king and supported the proposed plan of the National Constituent Assembly for a constitutional monarchy; and the Jacobins on the left, who wished to press for a continuation of the overthrow of Louis XVI. It represented the last and most vigorous attempt of the moderate constitutional monarchists to steer the course of the revolution away from the radical Jacobins. The Feuillant deputies publicly split with the Jacobins when they published a pamphlet on 16 July 1791, protesting the Jacobin plan to participate in the popular demonstrations against Louis XVI on the Champ de Mars the following ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
