|
Jōchō
Jōchō (定朝; died 1057 AD), also known as Jōchō Busshi, was a Busshi, Japanese sculptor of the Heian period. He popularized the ''yosegi'' technique of sculpting a single figure out of many pieces of wood, and he redefined the artistic canons of body proportions, canon of body proportions used to create Buddhism, Buddhist imagery. His style spread across Japan and defined Japanese sculpture for the next 150 years. Today, art historians cite Jōchō as "the first of a new kind of master sculptor" and "one of the most innovative artists Japan has ever produced." Career Jōchō trained at the Kōfuku-ji, a temple in Nara, Nara, Nara. By 1020, he was an artist of some renown with a studio in Kyoto. At this time, Fujiwara no Michinaga, the greatest of the Fujiwara regents of the Heian period, commissioned him to decorate the Hōjōji, a temple that Fujiwara had founded. Jōchō's efforts there earned him the title ''Hokkyō'' (Master of the Dharma Bridge) in 1022, a rare accolade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kōkei (sculptor)
Kōkei (康慶, active 1175–1200) was a Japanese people, Japanese sculpture, sculptor of the Kamakura period. He headed the Kei school during the reconstructions of Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji. Although his works are still largely in the style established by Jōchō in the Heian period, Kōkei's sculpture show a move toward the greater realism (arts), realism that characterizes the works of his disciples Unkei, Kaikei, and Jōkei (sculptor), Jōkei. Career Kōkei was a direct descendant, both genetically and artistically, of Jōchō, a master sculptor of the Heian period. He was likely the organizer of the Kei school, which comprised his son, disciples, and assistants. Notable members of Kōkei's school include Unkei, Kaikei, and Jōkei (sculptor), Jōkei.Mason 188. Today, Kōkei is best known for leading teams involved in the 1188–1189 reconstruction of the Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji, temples in Nara, Nara, Nara, Japan. He and his assistants were placed in charge of work at the K� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byōdō-in
is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, built in the late Heian period. It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū (Pure Land) and Tendai-shū (Heavenly Level) sects. History This temple was originally built in 998 in the Heian period as a rural villa of high-ranking courtier , Minister of the Left. After he died, one of the most powerful members of the Fujiwara clan, Fujiwara no Michinaga, purchased the property from the courtier's widow. The villa was made into a Buddhist temple by his son Fujiwara no Yorimichi in 1052. Being one of the World Heritage sites of Japan, the Byodoin Temple buildings and Buddha statues have a long history of about 1000 years. In East Asian Buddhism, there is the Three Ages of Buddhism, which are three divisions of time following Buddha's passing. The Mappo, which is also translated as the Age of Dharma Decline, is the degenerate Third Age of Buddhism, also known as the Latter Day of the Law. It was widely believ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artistic Canons Of Body Proportions
An artistic canon of body proportions (or aesthetic canon of proportion), in the sphere of visual arts, is a formally codified set of criteria deemed mandatory for a particular artistic style of figurative art. The word ''canon'' () was first used for this type of rule in Classical Greece, where it set a reference standard for body proportions, to produce a harmoniously formed figure appropriate to depict gods or kings. Other art styles have similar rules that apply particularly to the representation of royal or divine personalities. Ancient Egypt In 1961, Danish Egyptologist Erik Iverson described a canon of proportions in classical Egyptian painting. This work was based on still-detectable grid lines on tomb paintings: he determined that the grid was 18 cells high, with the base-line at the soles of the feet and the top of the grid aligned with hair line, and the navel at the eleventh line. These 'cells' were specified according to the size of the subject's fist, measured acro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Busshi
A busshi is a Japanese term for Buddhist artists who specialized in painting or sculpting images for Buddhist temples, predominantly in the Nara period. Painters were specifically known as , whereas sculptors who worked with wood were called ''ki-busshi''. Busshi were organized into both categories of task and grade of mastery: , , , and . These rank designations continued in use until the Heian period. Practices In both the Nara and Heian periods, busshi were organized in that belonged to the imperial court, temples, and the nobility. From the 10th century, the workshops became independent from temples and began working on commission. The bussho workshops disappeared entirely during the Edo period. List of Busshi * Chōkai ( ja) * Chōsei ( ja) * Eikai ( ja) * Enkū * Ensei ( ja) * Genkei ( ja) * Gyōkai ( ja) * Higo Bettō Jōkei ( ja) * Inchō ( ja) * Injo ( ja) * Inkaku ( ja) * Inkichi ( ja) * Inson ( ja) * Jōchō * Jōkaku ( ja) * Jōkei * Kaikei * Kak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jōruri-ji
is a Buddhist temples in Japan, Buddhist temple located in the Nishio Futaba, Kamo-cho neighborhood of the city of Kizugawa, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. It belongs to the Shingon Ritsu school and has both Amida Nyorai and Yakushi Nyorai as its ''honzon''. The temple is commonly known as Kutai-ji (九体寺) because nine statues of Amida Nyorai are enshrined in the main hall, and it was also called Nishi-Odawara-dera (西小田原寺) in the past. The temple is heavily influenced by Pure Land Buddhism, Pure Land thought. With an historic Japanese garden]It is one of the few remaining examples of a Japanese garden#The Paradise Garden, Paradise Garden of the early Heian period. The three-storied pagoda, the hondō, main hall, the group of nine sitting Amida Nyorai statues and the group of Four Heavenly Kings are all Cultural Properties of Japan, designated as National Treasures of Japan, National Treasures. History The foundations of Jōruri-ji are uncertain. There are several theori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Art
Japanese art consists of a wide range of art styles and media that includes Jōmon pottery, ancient pottery, Japanese sculpture, sculpture, Ink wash painting, ink painting and Japanese calligraphy, calligraphy on silk and paper, Ukiyo-e, paintings and Woodblock printing in Japan, woodblock prints, Japanese pottery and porcelain, ceramics, origami, bonsai, and more recently manga and anime. It has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium BCE, to the present day. Japan has alternated between periods of exposure to new ideas, and long periods of minimal contact with the outside world. Over time the country absorbed, imitated, and finally assimilated elements of foreign culture that complemented already-existing aesthetic preferences. The earliest complex art in Japan was produced in the 7th and 8th centuries Buddhist art in Japan, in connection with Buddhism. In the 9th century, as the Japanese began to turn awa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kei School
The was a Japanese school (style) of Buddhist sculpture which emerged in the early Kamakura period (c. 1200). Based in Nara, it was the dominant school in Buddhist sculpture in Japan into the 14th century, and remained influential until the 19th. Art historian Joan Stanley Baker cites the Kei school's early works as the last highpoint in the history of Japanese sculpture.Baker, Joan Stanley. ''Japanese Art''. London: Thames and Hudson, 1984. p109. Background and history The Kei school developed out of that led by the '' busshi'' (Buddhist sculptor) Jōchō's successor, Kakujō and Kakujō's son Raijō, the leading sculptors of the preceding generations. These artists are sometimes said to have founded the Kei school;Keiha 慶派 " ''Japanese Architecture and Art Users System (JAANUS).'' 2001. Accessed 17 November 2008. however, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uji, Kyoto
is a city on the southern outskirts of the city of Kyoto, in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Founded on March 1, 1951, Uji is between the two ancient capitals of Nara and Kyoto. The city sits on the Uji River, which has its source in Lake Biwa. Uji has a population of 179,630 and is the second largest city in Kyoto Prefecture. It has an area of 67.54 km2, giving it a population density of 2,660 persons per km2. History In the 4th century the son of Emperor Ōjin established a palace in Uji. The 11th-century author, Murasaki Shikibu, set much of the final chapters of ''The Tale of Genji'' at Uji. The first battle of Uji in 1180 was the first clash of the Genpei War. Taira forces caught up with Minamoto forces that were attempting to make their way to Nara and defeated them. Later in the war, two factions of Genji clashed at the second battle of Uji in 1184. In 1221, the Jōkyū War was decided at the third battle of Uji, in which forces of the Kamakura shogunate d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guild
A guild ( ) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradespeople belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but most were regulated by the local government. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. Critics argued that these rules reduced Free market, fre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
