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Isaac I Of Antioch
Isaac I was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 755 until his death in 756. Isaac's uncanonical elevation to the patriarchal office has led him to be regarded as an illegitimate patriarch. Biography Isaac was a monk at the monastery of Qartmin, and was later ordained as bishop of Harran by Athanasius Sandalaya in 752. The historian Dionysius of Tel Mahre, whose work survives in the ''Chronicle'' of Michael the Syrian, claimed that Isaac had become friends with Athanasius Sandalaya and received the bishopric of Harran as he possessed an elixir that could transmute lead into gold that he had taken from a visiting monk he had murdered whilst residing at the monastery of Purqsa near Edessa. Iwannis' appointment to the see of Harran, which was achieved without patriarchal approval, took place amidst the controversy between Athanasius Sandalaya and the Patriarch Iwannis I, by which point the former had gained the upper hand with the support of Abda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firman
A firman (; ), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state. During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word ''firman'' comes from the Persian meaning "decree" or "order". Etymology ''Farmān'' is the modern Persian form of the word and descends from Middle Persian (Pahlavi) , ultimately from Old Persian ( = "fore"). The difference between the modern Persian and Old Persian forms stems from "dropping the ending ''ā'' and insertion of a vowel owing to the initial double consonant". This feature (i.e. ''fra-'') was still used in the Middle Persian form. The Turkish form of the word ''farmān'' is ''fermān'', whereas the Arabized plural form of the word is . Origins of firmans in the Ottoman Empire In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan derived his authority from his role as upholder of the Shar'ia, but the Shar'ia did not cover all aspects of Ottoman so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
756 Deaths
__NOTOC__ Year 756 ( DCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 756th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 756th year of the 1st millennium, the 56th year of the 8th century, and the 7th year of the 750s decade. The denomination 756 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Constantine V builds a series of fortifications along the Byzantine frontier on the Danube, and starts settling Christian Armenians and Syrians in the Thracesian Theme. In response, Kormisosh, ruler (''khagan'') of the Bulgarian Empire, demands the payment of tribute. Constantine refuses, and the Bulgars raid into Thrace, reaching the Anastasian Wall stretching between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara (near the outskirts of Constantinople). * Battle of Marce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th-century Oriental Orthodox Archbishops
The 8th century is the period from 701 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCI) through 800 (DCCC) in accordance with the Julian Calendar. In the historiography of Europe the phrase the long 8th century is sometimes used to refer to the period of circa AD 660–820. The coast of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula quickly came under Islamic Arab domination. The westward expansion of the Umayyad Empire was famously halted at the siege of Constantinople by the Byzantine Empire and the Battle of Tours by the Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.Roberts, J., ''History of the World'', Penguin, 1994. In Europe, late in the century, the Vikings, seafaring peoples from Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean, and go on to found several important kingdoms. In Asia, the Pala Empire is founded in Bengal. The Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The Nara period begins in Japan. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lawrence Conrad
Lawrence Irvin Conrad (born 1949) is a British historian and scholar of Oriental studies, specializing in Near Eastern studies and the history of medicine. He currently serves as historian for the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine in London. Education and career Conrad received his Ph.D. from Princeton University, completing his dissertation on ''The Plague in the Early Medieval Near East'' in 1981. After a brief period working at the American University of Beirut, he moved in 1985 to the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine at University College, London. In 2001, he moved to the University of Hamburg, where he remained until his retirement in 2008. Conrad is known for his work on medieval Near Eastern social history, Arabic and Islamic medicine In the history of medicine, "Islamic medicine", also known as "Arabian medicine" is the science of medicine developed in the Middle East, and usually written in Arabic, the ''lingua franca'' of Islamic civi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martyrology Of Rabban Sliba
The ''Martyrology of Rabban Sliba'' is a book containing the names and feast days of a number of martyrs of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The book was composed by the monk Rabban Sliba in the late thirteenth century or early fourteenth century. It was edited by Paul Peeters, S.J., and published in ''Analecta Bollandiana'' #27 in 1908. It is one of the most important resources for the study of Syriac hagiography. Saints included Aaron the Illustrious was a Christian monk of Mesopotamia from the 4th century. He came from Sarug in Osrhoene and was a disciple of Saint Eugene. He built two monasteries near Melitene in Armenia in the 4th century. He had a feast day on Pentecost Monday in the Syriac Orthodox Church, and on February 3, October 22, and May 23. Holweck, F. G., ''A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints''. St. Louis, Missouri, US: B. Herder Book Co., 1924. Saint Abel (Syrian) is a saint of the Syriac Orthodox Church. He is considered the patron saint of the blind and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Euphrates
The Euphrates ( ; see #Etymology, below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of West Asia. Tigris–Euphrates river system, Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia (). Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab in Iraq, which empties into the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates is the List of longest rivers of Asia, fifteenth-longest river in Asia and the longest in West Asia, at about , with a drainage area of that covers six countries. Etymology The term ''Euphrates'' derives from the Koine Greek, Greek ''Euphrátēs'' (), adapted from , itself from . The Elamite name is ultimately derived from cuneiform 𒌓𒄒𒉣; read as ''Buranun'' in Sumerian language, Sumerian and ''Purattu'' in Akkadian language, Akkadian; many cuneiform signs have a Sumerian pronunciation and an Akkadian pronunciation, taken from a Sumerian word and an Akkadian word that mean ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kufa
Kufa ( ), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates, Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000. Along with Samarra, Karbala, Kadhimiya and Najaf, Kufa is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shia Islam, Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 Common Era, CE (17 Hijra (Islam), Hijrah) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab, and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliphate, Rashidun Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa. Kufic, Kufic script is named for the city. The Palestinian keffiyeh, also known as kufiya and worn by Arab men, was Cultural appropriation, appropriated from Kufa, and is worn today to convey Cultural diversity, diverse political sentiments. Due to heightened global consumer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egypt In The Middle Ages
Following the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Islamic conquest in 641-642, Lower Egypt was ruled at first by governors acting in the name of the Rashidun Caliphs and then the Umayyad Caliphs in Damascus, but in 750 the Umayyads Abbasid Revolution, were overthrown. Throughout Islamic rule, Al-Askar, Askar was named the capital and housed the ruling administration. The conquest led to two separate provinces all under one ruler: Upper Egypt, Upper and Lower Egypt. These two very distinct regions were governed by the military and followed the demands handed down by the governor of Egypt and imposed by the heads of their communities. Egypt was ruled by many dynasties from the start of Islamic control in 639 until the early 16th century. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The Abbasid period which came after was much more focused on taxes and centralizing power. In 868, the Tulunids, ruled by Ahmad ibn Tulun, expanded Egypt's territory into the Levant. He would rule until his death in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wali (administrative Title)
''Wāli'', ''Wā'lī'' or ''vali'' (from ''Wālī'') is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim world (including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates and the Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions. It is still in use in some countries influenced by Arab or Muslim culture. The division that a ''Wāli'' governs is called ''Wilayah'', or ''Vilayet'' (Ottoman Empire). Algerian term In Algeria, a ''wāli'' is the "governor" and administrative head of each of the 58 provinces of the country, and is chosen by the president. Iranian term In Iran, ''Vāli'' refers to the governor-general or local lord of an important province. During the Safavid reign 1501-1722 the former rulers of the then subordinated provinces of the Georgian Kartli and Kakheti kingdom, the Kurdish emirate of Ardalan, the chiefs of Lorestān Province and of Khuzestan province in western Iran were regarded as hereditary governor-generals titled ''Vāli'' equal t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Awn Abd Al-Malik Ibn Yazid
Abū ʿAwn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Yazīd al-Khurasānī (; ) was an early supporter of the Abbasids. He participated in the campaigns of the Abbasid Revolution and served as governor of Egypt and Khurasan. Biography Abu Awn Abd al-Malik was a native Persian from Jurjan, who became a ''mawla'' of the tribe of Huna'a (a part of the Azdi group). According to Patricia Crone, despite his support of the Abbasids, "his names reveal a pro-Umayyad background".Crone (1980), p. 174 He was the leader of the Abbasid missionary movement (the ''Da'wa'') in his native Jurjan (along with Amir ibn Isma'il and Khalid ibn Barmak), and one of the senior members of the movement in Khurasan.Sharon (1990), p. 197 He was the first recipient of the black banners which came to symbolise the Abbasid dynasty. When the Abbasid Revolution broke out in June 747, he was named as the commander of a unit recruited from Jurjan, and was sent to suppress the Kharijites in the region, a task which he carried out with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homs
Homs ( ; ), known in pre-Islamic times as Emesa ( ; ), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is Metres above sea level, above sea level and is located north of Damascus. Located on the Orontes River, Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast. Before the Syrian civil war, Homs was a major industrial hub with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004, it was the third-largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south. Its population reflected Syria's general religious diversity, composed of Sunni and Alawite Muslims, and Eastern Christianity, Christians. There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city, and it is close to the Krak des Chevaliers castle, a World Heritage Site. Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BC in the Seleucid Empire, becoming the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesene dynasty who gave the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
