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Immunity (other)
Immunity may refer to: Medicine * Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease * ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Biology * Immune system Engineering * Radiofrequence immunity describes how well an electronic circuit is protected against electromagnetic interference Law *Legal immunity, the concept of a person or entity being immune from legal liability due to a special status **Absolute immunity, a type of immunity for government officials that confers total immunity when acting in the course of their duties **Amnesty law, a law that provides immunity for past crimes ** Charitable immunity, immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid-20th century **Diplomatic immunity, agreement between sovereign governments to exclude diplomats from local laws **Immunity from prosecution (international law), exclusion of governments or their officials from prosecution unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization. Innate and adaptive The immune system has Innate immune system, innate and Adaptive immune system, adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammation, inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphocyte, lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation while the non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity. The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Qualified Immunity
In the United States, qualified immunity is a legal principle of federal law that grants government officials performing discretionary (optional) functions immunity from lawsuits for damages unless the plaintiff shows that the official violated "clearly established statutory statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known". It is comparable to sovereign immunity, though it protects government employees rather than the government itself. It is less strict than absolute immunity, by protecting officials who "make reasonable but mistaken judgments about open legal questions", extending to "all [officials] but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law". Qualified immunity applies only to government officials in civil litigation, and does not protect the government itself from suits arising from officials' actions. The Supreme Court of the United States, U.S. Supreme Court first introduced the qualified immunity doctrine in Pierson v ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Immunity (Clairo Album)
''Immunity'' is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Clairo, released on August 2, 2019, by Fader Label. The album was co-produced by Clairo and Rostam Batmanglij, formerly of Vampire Weekend. Background After the release of her first mainstream extended play, '' Diary 001'', Clairo released several songs and collaborations. In 2018, she wrote a song for the teen drama film '' Skate Kitchen'', called "Heaven". She also collaborated with Cuco and SG Lewis. On February 1, 2019, Clairo was featured on the lead single for Wallows' debut studio album, '' Nothing Happens''. On May 24, 2019, Clairo released the lead single for her album, "Bags", and announced the album release for August. Composition ''Immunity'' has been described as a soft rock, bedroom pop, electropop, and indie pop record. Tour In September 2019, Clairo embarked on a North American tour playing 31 shows at venues such as Metro Chicago and Paradise Rock Club. The tour was supported by Beabad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Immunity (Jon Hopkins Album)
''Immunity'' is the fourth studio album by English electronic music, electronic musician and producer Jon Hopkins. It was released on 3 June 2013 by Domino Recording Company, Domino Records to critical acclaim and was nominated for the 2013 Mercury Prize for best album. Production Among the artists that contributed vocals were long-time collaborator King Creosote, and Corin Roddick and Megan James of the band Purity Ring (band), Purity Ring. It was recorded and produced in Hopkins's London studio, with Hopkins often using homemade sound effects or the natural sound of the room. Promotion On 6 March 2013, Hopkins announced that his fourth solo album ''Immunity'' would be released by Domino Records on 3 June in the UK, and 4 June in the US. A trailer for the album featuring a snippet of the track "Collider" from the album was made available through YouTube. The first single "Open Eye Signal" was uploaded on ''Pitchfork (website), Pitchfork''s YouTube channel on 24 April 2013. The h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Immunity (Rupert Hine Album)
''Immunity'' is a solo album by Rupert Hine. Originally released in 1981, re-released and digitally remastered in 2001. The album was dedicated to Liam Byrne. The song "Misplaced Love" features a brief chorus by British singer Marianne Faithfull. Track listing All tracks composed by Rupert Hine and Jeannette Obstoj #"I Hang On to My Vertigo" #"Misplaced Love" #"Samsara" #"Surface Tension" #"I Think a Man Will Hang Soon" #"Immunity" #"Another Stranger" #"Psycho Surrender" #"Make a Wish" Bonus tracks 2001 CD reissue #"Scratching at Success" #"Introduction to the Menace" Charts Personnel *Rupert Hine - vocals, keyboards, instrumentation, sound processing *Phil Palmer - guitar *Phil Collins - percussion on "Immunity" and "Another Stranger" *Marianne Faithfull - vocals on "Misplaced Love" *Trevor Morais Trevor Morais (born 10 October 1944) is an English drummer who has been a member of several notable groups such as Faron's Flamingos, Rory Storm and The Hurricanes, The Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Witness Immunity
Witness immunity from prosecution occurs when a prosecutor agrees not to prosecute a witness in exchange for testimony or production of other evidence. In the United States, the prosecution may grant immunity in one of two forms. Transactional immunity, colloquially known as "blanket" or "total" immunity, completely protects the witness from future prosecution for crimes related to his or her testimony. Use and derivative use immunity prevents the prosecution only from using the witness's own testimony or any evidence derived from the testimony against the witness. However, if the prosecutor acquires evidence substantiating the crime independently of the witness's testimony, the witness may then be prosecuted. Prosecutors at the state level may offer a witness either transactional or use and derivative use immunity, but at the federal level, use and derivative use immunity is much more common. In the United States, Congress can also grant criminal immunity (at the Federal level ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
State Immunity
The doctrine and rules of state immunity concern the protection which a sovereign state, state is given from being sued in the courts of other states. The rules relate to legal proceedings in the courts of another state, not in a state's own courts. The rules developed at a time when it was thought to be an infringement of a state's sovereignty to bring proceedings against it or its officials in a foreign country. There is now a trend in various states towards substantial exceptions to the rule of immunity; in particular, a state can be sued when the dispute arises from a commercial transaction entered into by a state or some other "non-sovereign activity" of a state. The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property, which is not yet in force, would re-formulate and harmonise the rules and their exceptions. It does not cover criminal proceedings and it does not allow civil (e.g. financial) actions for human rights abuses against state agents ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Spousal Privilege
In common law, spousal privilege (also called marital privilege or husband-wife privilege) is a term used in the law of evidence to describe two separate privileges that apply to spouses: the spousal communications privilege and the spousal testimonial privilege. Both types of privilege are based on the policy of encouraging spousal harmony and preventing spouses from condemning, or being condemned by, their spouses: the spousal communications privilege or confidences privilege is a form of privileged communication that protects the contents of confidential communications between spouses during their marriage from testimonial disclosure, while spousal testimonial privilege (also called spousal incompetency and spousal immunity) protects the individual holding the privilege from being called to testify in proceedings relating to their spouse. However, in some countries, the spousal privileges have their roots in the legal fiction that a husband and wife were one person. Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sovereign Immunity In The United States
In United States law, the federal government as well as state and tribal governments generally enjoy sovereign immunity, also known as governmental immunity, from lawsuits. Local governments in most jurisdictions enjoy immunity from some forms of suit, particularly in tort. The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act provides foreign governments, including state-owned companies, with a related form of immunity—state immunity—that shields them from lawsuits except in relation to certain actions relating to commercial activity in the United States. The principle of sovereign immunity in US law was inherited from the English common law legal maxim , meaning "the king can do no wrong." In some situations, sovereign immunity may be waived by law. Sovereign immunity falls into two categories: *Absolute immunity: When absolute immunity applies, a government actor may not be sued for the allegedly wrongful act, even if that person acted maliciously or in bad faith; and *Qualified immun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Sovereign Immunity
Sovereign immunity, or crown immunity, is a legal doctrine whereby a monarch, sovereign or State (polity), state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from lawsuit, civil suit or criminal law, criminal prosecution, strictly speaking in modern texts in its own courts. State immunity is a similar, stronger doctrine, that applies to foreign courts. History Sovereign immunity is the original forebear of state immunity based on the classical concept of sovereignty in the sense that a sovereign could not be subjected without his or her approval to the jurisdiction of another. In constitutional monarchies, the sovereign is the historical origin of the authority which creates the courts. Thus the courts had no power to compel the sovereign to be bound by them as they were created by the sovereign for the protection of his or her subjects. This rule was commonly expressed by the popular legal maxim ''rex non potest peccare'', meaning "the king can do no wrong". Forms There are two f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Parliamentary Immunity
Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which politicians or other political leaders are granted full immunity from legal prosecution, both civil prosecution and criminal prosecution, in the course of the execution of their official duties. Advocates of parliamentary immunity suggest the doctrine is necessary to keep a check on unauthorised use of power of the judiciary, to maintain judicial accountability, and to promote the health of democratic institutions. Westminster system countries Legislators in countries using the Westminster system, such as the United Kingdom, are protected from civil action and criminal law for slander and libel by parliamentary immunity whilst they are in the House. This protection is part of the privileges afforded the Houses of Parliament under parliamentary privileges. Parliamentary immunity from criminal prosecution is not enjoyed by Members of Parliament under the Westminster system. This lack of criminal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Immunity (journal)
''Immunity'' is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal of immunology published by Cell Press. History The first issue of the journal was published in April 1994. As of 2023, the journal is edited by Peter T. Lee. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal had a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 31.745. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: Notes and references External links * Immunology journals Cell Press academic journals Academic journals established in 1994 Monthly journals English-language journals 1994 establishments in the United States {{immunology-journal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
