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Henri Martin Affair
The Henri Martin affair was a political-military scandal that occurred under the French Fourth Republic during the First Indochina War in the early 1950s. Henri Martin, a French communist ( PCF) activist, was arrested by the military police in 1950 for sabotage, convicted and imprisoned until 1953. Background Martin was sent to French Indochina in 1945 as a sailor, hoping to fight against the Japanese occupation, but Japanese forces had already been disarmed by the time he arrived. Martin witnessed the French shelling of Haiphong on November 23, 1946. Martin submitted his resignation, which was refused, and he eventually returned to Toulon. There, in contact with local communists, he engaged in propaganda activities at the Toulon navy base, distributing leaflets encouraging sailors to demand a complete and immediate cessation of hostilities in Indochina. The military police arrested Martin on March 13, 1950, for complicity in sabotage. Although he was eventually found not guilty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Fourth Republic
The French Fourth Republic (french: Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic that was in place from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War to 1940 during World War II, and suffered many of the same problems. France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946. Despite the political dysfunction, the Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after World War II, with assistance from the United States provided through the Marshall Plan. It also saw the beginning of the rapprochement with former longtime enemy Germany, which in turn led to Franco-German co-operation and eventually to the development of the European Union. Some attempts were also made to strengthen the executive branch of government to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Indochina War
The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina from 19 December 1946 to 20 July 1954 between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies. Việt Minh was led by Võ Nguyên Giáp and Hồ Chí Minh. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia. At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Indochina south of latitude 16° north was to be included in the Southeast Asia Command under British Admiral Mountbatten. The Japanese forces located south of that line surrendered to him and those to the north surrendered to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. In September 1945, Chinese forces entered Tonkin, and a small British task force landed at city of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henri Martin (French Politician)
Henri Martin (1927 – 17 February 2015) was a political activist of the French Communist Party and former sailor famous for the political-military scandal called the Henri Martin Affair in which the government of the French Fourth Republic meted out a five-year prison sentence to him for distributing pamphlets in opposition to the First Indochina War.''Free Henri Martin'' by historian Alain Ruscio in French communist newspaper ''L'Humanité'', August 2nd 2003 He was born in Lunery, Cher and died in Pantin. Early life Family Henri Martin was born Henri Ursin Clement Martin on January 23, 1927 in Rosieres, an industrial part of[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (french: Parti communiste français, ''PCF'' ; ) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its MEPs sit in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group. Founded in 1920, it participated in three governments: the provisional government of the Liberation (1944–1947), at the beginning of François Mitterrand's presidency (1981–1984), and in the Plural Left cabinet led by Lionel Jospin (1997–2002). It was also the largest party on the left in France in a number of national elections, from 1945 to 1960, before falling behind the Socialist Party in the 1970s. The PCF has lost further ground to the Socialists since that time. From 2009, the PCF was a leading member of the Left Front (''Front de gauche''), alongside Jean-Luc Mélenchon's Left Party (PG). During the 2017 presidential election, the PCF supported Mélenchon's candidature; however, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, officially known as the Indochinese Union; vi, Liên bang Đông Dương, , lit. 'East Ocean Federation'; km, សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន; lo, ສະຫະພາບອິນໂດຈີນ and after 1947 as the Indochinese Federation,; vi, Liên đoàn Đông Dương; km, សហព័ន្ធឥណ្ឌូចិន; lo, ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia until its demise in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital for most of its history (1902–45) was Hanoi; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Marie Domenach
Jean-Marie Domenach (; 13 February 1922 – 5 July 1997) was a French writer and intellectual. He was noted as a left-wing and Catholic thinker. Domenach was born in Lyon, where he studied at the Lycée du Parc. In 1957, he took over the editorship of ''Esprit'', the literary and political journal of personalism founded in 1945 by Emmanuel Mounier and followed (from 1950 to 1957) by Albert Béguin. Domenach voluntarily retired from Esprit at age 54 and began writing and teaching at the university level. Opposed to torture during the Algerian War, he also held a meeting denouncing the 1961 Paris massacre. He died in Paris, aged 75. Works *''Gilbert Dru: celui qui croyait au ciel'' (1947) *''La propagande politique'' (1950) *''Communism in Western Europe'' (1951; with Mario Einaudi and Aldo Garosci) *''Barrès par lui-même'' (1954) *''Yougoslavie'' (1960; with Alain Pontault) *''Le retour du tragique'' (1963) *''The Catholic Avant-Garde: French Catholicism Since World War II' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Esprit (magazine)
''Esprit'' is a French literary magazine. The magazine also deals with current events. It is based in Paris. History and profile Founded in October 1932 by Emmanuel Mounier, it was the principal review of personalist intellectuals of the time. From 1957 to 1976, it was directed by Jean-Marie Domenach. Paul Thibaud directed it from 1977 to 1989. Since 1989 Oliver Mongin has been the director of the magazine. The philosopher Paul Ricœur often collaborated with it. ''Esprit'' is a member of the Eurozine network. Personalism and the non-conformists In the 1930s, ''Esprit'' was the main mouthpiece of the Personalists and of the non-conformists of the 1930s. A presentation of the magazine by its authors in 1933 stated that it opposed the "compromission" of spiritual values with the established order (which Mounier called "established disorder") and aimed at denouncing their "exploitation by the powers of Money, in the social regime, in the government, in the press, etc. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Cocteau
Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (, , ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, filmmaker, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost creatives of the surrealist, avant-garde, and Dadaist movements; and one of the most influential figures in early 20th-century art as a whole. The ''National Observer'' suggested that, “of the artistic generation whose daring gave birth to Twentieth Century Art, Cocteau came closest to being a Renaissance man.” He is best known for his novels ''Le Grand Écart'' (1923), ''Le Livre blanc'' (1928), and '' Les Enfants Terribles'' (1929); the stage plays '' La Voix Humaine'' (1930), '' La Machine Infernale'' (1934), '' Les Parents terribles'' (1938), '' La Machine à écrire'' (1941), and ''L'Aigle à deux têtes'' (1946); and the films '' The Blood of a Poet'' (1930), '' Les Parents Terribles'' (1948), '' Beauty and the Beast'' (1946), ''Orpheus'' (1950) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, as well as a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to do so. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair (french: affaire Dreyfus, ) was a political scandal that divided the French Third Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. "L'Affaire", as it is known in French, has come to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world, and it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex miscarriage of justice and antisemitism. The role played by the press and public opinion proved influential in the conflict. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason. Dreyfus was a 35-year-old Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent. He was falsely convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, and was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years. In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through an investigation made by Georges Picquart, head of counter-espionage—which identified the real culp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generals' Affair
The Generals' Affair (also known as Revers Report, ''Rapport Revers'') was a political-military scandal that happened under the French Fourth Republic during the First Indochina War. It lasted from September 1949 to November 1950. Revers Mission (May–June 1949) French Army Chief of Staff General Georges Revers was sent to French Indochina in the summer of 1949 to inquire about the military situation on the ground and the morale of the French troops. The report of his mission was to become known as the ''Rapport Revers'' (Revers Report). Generals' Affair (September 1949) The scandal burst in September 1949; by December, General Revers was dismissed. The Revers Report drew a very pessimistic conclusion about the French situation in Indochina. Revers concluded that France could not realistically continue its colonial presence in the country using military means, and that it would need to seek a "peace of the brave" with the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam's Ho Chi Min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piastres Affair
The Piastres affair, also known as Piastres scandal or Piastres trade (French: ''l'affaire des piastres'', ''le scandale des piastres'', or ''le trafic de piastres''), was a financial-political scandal of the French Fourth Republic during the First Indochina War from 1950 to 1953. The basis for the affair was the pegging in 1945 of the French Indochinese piastre to the French franc at a rate of seventeen to one, increased from the previous rate of ten to one to avoid devaluation of the franc. However the real value of the piastre in Indochina remained around 10 francs or less; when piastres were transferred to France through the Foreign Exchange Office (''Office indochinois des changes'', or OIC) the Treasury (therefore the French taxpayer) paid out the established seventeen francs per piastre, amounting to an effective subsidy of around 8.50 francs according to Jacques Despuech, author of the first book on the case in 1953 and journalist for '' The French Nation''. Despite contr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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