|
Hydrothermal Vent Microbial Communities
The hydrothermal vent microbial community includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around hydrothermal vents. These include organisms in the microbial mat, free floating cells, or bacteria in an Endosymbiont, endosymbiotic relationship with animals. Chemolithoautotrophic bacteria derive nutrients and energy from the geological activity at Hydrothermal vents to fix carbon into organic forms. Viruses are also a part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology in these ecosystems is a burgeoning field of research. Hydrothermal vents are located where the tectonic plates are moving apart and spreading. This allows water from the ocean to enter into the crust of the earth where it is heated by the magma. The increasing pressure and temperature forces the water back out of these openings, on the way out, the water accumulates dissolved minerals and chemicals from the rocks that it encounters. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemosynthetic Microbial Mats
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemotroph, Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon from carbon dioxide through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse. Groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria, the Campylobacterota, the Aquificota, the methanogenic archaea, and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single-carbon molecules. Two categories can be distinguished. In the rare sites where hydrogen molecules (H2) are available, the energy available from the reaction between CO2 and H2 (leading to product ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanocaldococcus Jannaschii
''Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'' (formerly ''Methanococcus jannaschii'') is a thermophile, thermophilic methanogenic archaean in the class Methanococci. It was the first archaeon, and third organism, to have its complete genome genome sequencing, sequenced. The sequencing identified many genes unique to the archaea. Many of the synthesis pathways for methanogenic Cofactor (biochemistry), cofactors were worked out biochemically in this organism, as were several other archaeal-specific metabolic pathways. History ''Methanocaldococcus jannaschii'' was isolated from a submarine hydrothermal vent at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The hydrothermal vent was located in the East Pacific Rise, at a depth of 2600 m, near the western coast of Mexico. Surface material was collected at a "white smoker" chimney which revealed evidence of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii living in this extreme habitat of temperatures from 48 - 94 °C. Like many kinds of extremophiles, ''M. jannaschii ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillota
The Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure. They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-like forms (bacillus). A few Bacillota, such as '' Megasphaera'', '' Pectinatus'', '' Selenomonas'', and '' Zymophilus'' from the class Negativicutes, have a porous pseudo-outer membrane that causes them to stain Gram-negative. Many Bacillota produce endospores, which are resistant to desiccation and can survive extreme conditions. They are found in various environments, and the group includes some notable pathogens. Those in one family, the Heliobacteria, produce energy through anoxygenic photosynthesis. Bacillota play an important role in beer, wine, and cider spoilage. Taxonomy The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature. The name "Firmicutes" was derived from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptospirillum Ferriphilum
''Leptospirillum ferriphilum'' is an iron-oxidising bacterium able to exist in environments of high acidity, high iron concentrations, and moderate to moderately high temperatures. It is one of the species responsible for the generation of acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD), or acid rock drainage (ARD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines and coal mines. Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weatherin ... and the principal microbe used in industrial biohydrometallurgy processes to extract metals. Cell morphology ''L. ferriphilum'' is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium. ''L. ferriphilum'' is an acidophile and a thermotolerant bacteria allowing it to survive in extremely acidic environments and relatively high temperatures. This bacterium is an aerobic organism; it can only survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Phylogeny ''Leptospirillum ferriphilum'' is from t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitrospirota
The Nitrospirota are a phylum of bacteria. They include multiple genera such as '' Nitrospira'', the largest. History of knowledge The first member of this phylum, '' Nitrospira marina'', was discovered in 1985. The second member, '' Nitrospira moscoviensis'', was discovered in 1995. '' Nitrospira inopinata'' was discovered in 2015 and cultivated in 2017. Metabolism Nitrospirota contains nitrifying taxa which oxidize nitrite to nitrate (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB) and commamox bacteria: '' Nitrospira inopinata''. '' Dissulfurispira thermophila'' ( Thermodesulfovibrionia) grows by disproportionation of thiosulfate or elemental sulfur. Phylogeny Taxonomy The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). * Genus ?"''Candidatus'' Magnetomicrobium" Zhang et al. 2021 * Genus ?"''Candidatus'' Thermomagnetovibrio" Lefèvre et al. 2010 * Class Nit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gemmatimonadota
The Gemmatimonadota are a phylum of bacteria established in 2003. The phylum contains two classes Gemmatimonadetes and Longimicrobia. Species The type species '' Gemmatimonas aurantiaca'' strain T-27T was isolated from activated sludge in a sewage treatment system in 2003. It is a Gram-negative bacterium able to grow by both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The second cultured species was ''Gemmatirosa kalamazoonensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. strain KBS708, which was isolated from organically managed agricultural soil in Michigan USA. The third cultured species ''Gemmatimonas phototrophica'' strain AP64T was isolated from a shallow freshwater desert lake Tiān é hú (Swan Lake) in North China. A unique feature of this organism is the presence of bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers. It probably acquired genes for anoxygenic photosynthesis via horizontal gene transfer. ''G. phototrophica'' is a facultative photoheterotrophic organism. It requires the supply of organic su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deferribacterota
The Deferribacteraceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria which make energy by anaerobic respiration.Huber, H., and Stetter, K.O. "Family I. ''Deferribacteraceae'' fam. nov." In: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria) (D.R. Boone and R.W. Castenholz, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York (2001). pp. 465-466. Description Deferribacteraceae are rod-shaped, although the rods may be straight or bent. They are gram-negative. Deferribacteraceae perform anaerobic respiration using iron, manganese, or nitrate. They can also produce energy by fermentation. The type genus of the family is '' Deferribacter''. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) See the NCBIbr>webpage on DeferribacteresData extracted from the * Phylum Deferribacterota Garrity and Holt 2021 ** Class Deferribacteres Huber & Stetter 2002 *** Order Def ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorobium
''Chlorobium'' is a genus of green sulfur bacteria. They are photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur and most notably utilise a noncyclic electron transport chain to reduce NAD+. Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 Reaction Centre using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) ''a''. Two photosynthetic antenna complexes aid in light absorption: the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex ("FMO", also containing BChl ''a''), and the chlorosomes which employ mostly BChl ''c'', ''d'', or ''e''. Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source.Prescott, Harley, Klein. (2005). ''Microbiology'' pp. 195, 493, 597, 618-619, 339. ''Chlorobium'' species exhibit a dark green color; in a Winogradsky column, the green layer often observed is composed of ''Chlorobium''. This genus lives in strictly anaerobic conditions below the surface of a body of water, commonly the anaerobic zone of a eutrophic lake. '' Chlorobium aggregatum'' is a species which exists in a symbiotic r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroflexota
The Chloroflexota are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis ( green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors. The members of the phylum ''Chloroflexota'' are monoderms (that is, have one cell membrane with no outer membrane), but they stain mostly gram-negative. Many well-studied phyla of bacteria are diderms and stain gram-negative, whereas well-known monoderms that stain Gram-positive include ''Firmicutes'' (or ''Bacillota'') ( low G+C gram-positives) and '' Actinomycetota'' (high-G+C gram-positives). History The taxon name was created in the 2001 edition of Volume 1 of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and is the Latin plural of the n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquifex
''Aquifex'' is a bacterial genus, belonging to phylum Aquificota. There is one species of ''Aquifex'' with a validly published name – '' A. pyrophilus'' – but "'' A. aeolicus''" is sometimes considered as species though it has no standing as a name given it has not been validly or effectively published. ''Aquifex'' spp. are extreme thermophiles, growing best at temperature of 85 °C to 95 °C. They are members of the ''Bacteria'' as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea. ''Aquifex'' spp. are rod-shaped bacteria with a length of 2 to 6 μm, have a diameter of around 0.5 μm and are motile. They are non-sporeforming, Gram negative autotrophs. ''Aquifex'' means ''water-maker'' in Latin, and refers to the fact that its method of respiration creates water. ''Aquifex'' tend to form cell aggregates composed of up to 100 individual cells. ''Aquifex'' spp. are thermophilic and often grow near underwater volcanoes or hot springs. ''A. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogenobacter
''Hydrogenobacter'' is a genus of bacteria, one of the few in the phylum Aquificota. Type species is '' H. thermophilus''. This genus belongs to ''Bacteria'' as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea. in: LPSN bacterio.net Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the (LPSN) and |
Aquificota
The ''Aquificota'' phylum (biology), phylum is a diverse collection of bacteria that live in harsh environmental settings. The name ''Aquificota'' was given to this phylum based on an early genus identified within this group, ''Aquifex'' (“water maker”), which is able to produce water by oxidizing hydrogen. They have been found in springs, pools, and oceans. They are autotrophs, and are the primary carbon fixers in their environments. These bacteria are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming Bacillus (shape), rods. They are true bacteria (domain (biology), domain Bacteria) as opposed to the other inhabitants of extreme environments, the Archaea. Taxonomy The ''Aquificota'' currently contain 15 genera and 42 validly published species. The phylum comprises three class with each of them having their respective order. Aquificales consists of the families Aquificaceae and Hydrogenothermaceae, while the Desulfurobacteriaceae are the only family within the Desulfurobacteriales. ''Thermosul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
