|
Handbook For A Confessor
''Handbook for a Confessor'' (also ''Old English Handbook'', or in full, ''Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor'') is a compilation of Old English and Latin penitential texts associated with – and possibly authored or adapted by – Wulfstan II, Wulfstan (II), Archbishop of York (d. 1023).Wormald, “Archbishop Wulfstan.” p. 10; Heyworth, “Handbook.” pp. 221-2. The handbook was intended for the use of parish priests in hearing Sacrament of Reconciliation, confession and determining penances. Its transmission in the manuscripts (see below) seems to bear witness to Wulfstan's profound concern with these sacraments and their regulation, an impression which is similarly borne out by his ''Canons of Edgar'', a guide of ecclesiastical law also targeted at priests. The handbook is a derivative work, based largely on earlier vernacular representatives of the penitential genre such as the ''Scrifboc'' (or ''Confessionale Pseudo-Ecgberhti'') and the ''Old English Penit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotton MS Tiberius
This is an incomplete list of some of the manuscripts from the Cotton library that today form the Cotton collection of the British Library. Some manuscripts were destroyed or damaged in a fire at Ashburnham House in 1731, and a few are kept in other libraries and collections. Robert Bruce Cotton organized his library in a room long by six feet wide filled with Bookcase, bookpresses, each with the bust of a figure from classical antiquity on top. Counterclockwise, these were Julius Caesar, Augustus, Cleopatra, Faustina the Younger, Faustina, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. (Domitian had only one shelf, perhaps because it was over the door). In each press, each shelf was assigned a letter; manuscripts were identified by the bust over the press, the shelf letter, and the position of the manuscript (in Roman numerals) counting from the left side of the shelf. Thus, the Lindisfarne Gospels, Nero B.iv, was the fourth manuscript ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old English
Old English ( or , or ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. It developed from the languages brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literature dates from the mid-7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for several centuries by Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Norman (a langues d'oïl, type of French) as the language of the upper classes. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era, since during the subsequent period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman, developing into what is now known as Middle English in England and Early Scots in Scotland. Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or Ingvaeonic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles (tribe), Angles, Saxons and Jutes. As the Germanic settlers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penitential
A penitential is a book or set of church rules concerning the Christianity, Christian sacrament of penance, used for regular private confession with a confessor-priest, a "new manner of reconciliation with God in Christianity, God" that was promoted by Celtic monks in Ireland in the sixth century AD, under the Egyptian monastic influence of St John Cassian. It consisted of a list of Christian views on sin, sins and the appropriate penances prescribed for them, and served as a type of manual for confessors. Origin The earliest important penitentials were those by the Irish Abbot, abbots Penitential of Cummean, Cummean (who based his work on a sixth-century Celtic monastic text known as the ''Paenitentiale Ambrosianum'') and Columbanus, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Theodore of Tarsus. Most later penitentials are based on theirs, rather than on earlier Roman texts. The number of Irish penitentials and their importance is cited as evidence of the particular strictness of the Iri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wulfstan II
Wulfstan (sometimes Wulfstan II or Lupus;Wormald "Wulfstan" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' died 28 May 1023) was an English Bishop of London, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a Benedictine monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the diocese of Worcester and the archdiocese of York, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or homilies, on the topic of Antichrist. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the '' Sermo Lupi ad Anglos'', or the ''Sermon of the Wolf to the English''. Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings Æthelred the Unready and Cnut the Great of England.Mack "Changing Thegns" ''Albion'' p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacrament Of Reconciliation
The Sacrament of Penance (also commonly called the Sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession) is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church (known in Eastern Christianity as sacred mysteries), in which the faithful are absolved from sins committed after baptism and reconciled with the Christian community. During reconciliation, mortal sins must be confessed and venial sins may be confessed for devotional reasons. According to the dogma and unchanging practice of the church, only those ordained as priests may grant absolution. Nature The church teaches, based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son, that confession is not a tribunal or criminal court, where one is condemned by God like a criminal, but a "wedding banquet hall, where the community celebrates Easter, Christ's victory over sin and death, in the joyful experience of his forgiving mercy." In confession, the church believes, God judges a person in the sense of bringing to light his or her sins, by granting the pers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commonplace Book
Commonplace books (or commonplaces) are a way to compile knowledge, usually by writing information into blank books. They have been kept from antiquity, and were kept particularly during the Renaissance and in the nineteenth century. Such books are similar to scrapbooks filled with items of many kinds: notes, proverbs, adages, aphorisms, maxims, quotes, letters, poems, tables of weights and measures, prayers, legal formulas, and recipes. Entries are most often organized under systematic subject headings and differ functionally from journals or diaries, which are chronological and introspective. Overview "Commonplace" is a translation of the Latin term ''locus communis'' (from Greek ''tópos koinós'', see literary topos) which means "a general or common place", such as a statement of proverbial wisdom. In this original sense, commonplace books were collections of such sayings, such as John Milton's example. "Commonplace book" is at times used with an expansive sense, refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saint Othmar
Othmar, (also ''Audomar'', 689 – 759) was a Medieval monk and priest. He served as the first abbot of the Abbey of St. Gall, a Benedictine monastery near where the city of St. Gallen, now in Switzerland, developed. Life Othmar was of Alemannic descent, received his education at the cathedral school in Chur in Rhaetia. He was ordained priest, and for a time presided over a church of St. Florinus in Rhaetia. This church was probably identical with the one of St. Peter at Remus, where Florinus had laboured as a priest and was buried.Ott, Michael. "St. Othmar." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 24 November 2021 In 720 Waltram of Thurgau appointed Othmar superior over the cell of [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotton MS Vespasian
This is an incomplete list of some of the manuscripts from the Cotton library that today form the Cotton collection of the British Library. Some manuscripts were destroyed or damaged in a fire at Ashburnham House in 1731, and a few are kept in other libraries and collections. Robert Bruce Cotton organized his library in a room long by six feet wide filled with bookpresses, each with the bust of a figure from classical antiquity on top. Counterclockwise, these were Julius Caesar, Augustus, Cleopatra, Faustina, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. (Domitian had only one shelf, perhaps because it was over the door). In each press, each shelf was assigned a letter; manuscripts were identified by the bust over the press, the shelf letter, and the position of the manuscript (in Roman numerals) counting from the left side of the shelf. Thus, the Lindisfarne Gospels, Nero B.iv, was the fourth manuscript from the left on the second sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Confessor
In a number of Christian traditions, including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Lutheranism and Anglicanism, a confessor is a priest who hears the confessions of penitents and pronounces absolution. History During the Diocletianic Persecution, a number of Christians had, under torture or threat thereof, weakened in their profession of the faith. When persecutions ceased under Constantine the Great, they wanted to be reunited with the church. It became the practice of the penitents to go to the Confessors, who had willingly suffered for the faith and survived, to plead their case and effect their restoration to communion. Over time, the word came to denote any priest who had been granted the authority to hear confessions. Historically, priests were sometimes tested by officers of the church called examiners, before being granted this authority. As spiritual advisor An individual may have a regular confessor, sometimes called a "spiritual advisor" or "spiritual fathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Æthelred The Unready
Æthelred II (,Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form . Compare the modern dialect word . ; ; 966 – 23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was List of English monarchs, King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet comes from the Old English word meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised". Æthelred was the son of Edgar, King of England, King Edgar and Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar), Queen Ælfthryth. He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his elder half-brother, King Edward the Martyr. The chief characteristic of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the Danes (tribe), Danes. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Of Wulfstan Of York
Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York wrote some works in Latin, and numerous works in Old English, then the vernacular. He has also been credited with a few short poems. His works can generally be divided into homiletic, legal, and philosophical (or socio-political) categories. Homiletic 'Block' 1 ("Eschatological Homilies") * ''De Anticristo'(Latin, Bethurum Ia) * ''De Anticristo'(Old English, Bethurum Ib) * ''Lectio Sancti Evangelii Secundum Matheum'(Old English, Bethurum II) * ''Secundum Lucam(Old English, Bethurum III) * ''De Temporibus Anticristi'(Old English, Bethurum IV) * ''Secundum Marcum'(Old English, Bethurum V) 'Block' 2 ("The Christian Faith") * ''Incipiunt Sermones Lupi Episcopi'' (Old English, Bethurum VI) * ''De Fide Catholica'' (Old English, Bethurum VII) * ''To Eallum Folke'' (Old English, Bethurum VIIa) * ''Incipit de Baptisma'' (Latin, Bethurum VIIIa) * ''Dominica Quaterna vel Quando Volueris'' (Old English, Bethurum VIIIb) * ''Sermo de Baptismate'' (Old English, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allen Frantzen
Allen J. Frantzen (born 1947) is an American medievalist with a specialization in Old English literature. Since retiring from Loyola University Chicago, he has been an emeritus professor. Education and career Frantzen grew up in rural Iowa and earned a degree in English from Loras College and a PhD from the University of Virginia with a dissertation on the literature of penance in the Anglo-Saxon period. He was a faculty member at Loyola University Chicago from 1978 until his retirement in 2014, when he was named an emeritus professor. While there he headed the graduate programs in English from 1984 to 1988 and in 1992 founded the Loyola Community Literacy Center, which is open to the community as well as to students at the university. Publications Frantzen has published introductory works intended for students, such as ''King Alfred'' (1986) and ''Troilus and Criseyde': The Poem and the Frame'' (1993) on Chaucer's ''Troilus and Criseyde''. He also co-edited ''The Work of Work. Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
