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Hakka Language
Hakka ( zh, c=, p=Kèjiāhuà; ''Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: '', zh, c=, p=Kèjiāyǔ; ''Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: '') forms a language group of varieties of Chinese, spoken natively by the Hakka people in parts of Southern China, Taiwan, some diaspora areas of Southeast Asia and in overseas Chinese communities around the world. Due to its primary usage in isolated regions where communication is limited to the local area, Hakka has developed numerous Variety (linguistics), varieties or dialects, spoken in different provinces, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, Sichuan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, as well as in Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Hakka is not Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible with Yue Chinese, Yue, Wu Chinese, Wu, Min Chinese, Min, Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains a few mutually unintelligible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan Chinese, Gan and is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guangdong
) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty near modern Wuzhou, whose name is a reference to an order by Emperor Wu of Han to "widely bestow favors and sow trust". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called ''Liangguang, Loeng gwong'' ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t=兩廣, s=两广 , p=liǎng guǎng) During the Song dynasty, the Two Guangs were formally separated as ''Guǎngnán Dōnglù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣南東路, s=广南东路, l=East Circuit (administrative division), Circuit in Southern Guang , labels=no) and ''Guǎngnán Xīlù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣南西路, s=广南西路, l=West Circuit (administrative division), Circuit in Southern Guang , labels=no), which became abbreviated as ''Guǎngdōng Lù'' ( zh, first=t, t=廣東路, s=广东路 , labels=no) and ''Guǎngxī Lù ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of Education (Taiwan)
The Ministry of Education (MOE; ; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ''Kau-yuk Phu'') is the ministry of Taiwan responsible for incorporating educational policies and managing public schools and it oversees the educational administrative agencies of local governments. History The Taiwanese education ministry's origin goes back to the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture under the Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese government, which took over Taiwan in 1895. During Taiwan under Japanese rule, Japanese colonial rule, school attendance for Taiwanese children increased from 3.8% in 1904 to 71.3% in 1943 and literacy in Taiwan became common. Modern schools were formed with widespread establishment of primary schools while higher schooling for Taiwanese people remained rare and secondary schools and colleges were mostly for Japanese nationals. In special cases many Taiwanese did receive higher schooling and many went to Japan for further studies. The current government of Taiwan, offici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Varieties Of Chinese
There are hundreds of local Chinese language varieties forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan language family, many of which are not Mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible. Variation is particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast part of mainland China. The varieties are typically classified into several groups: Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin, Wu Chinese, Wu, Min Chinese, Min, Xiang Chinese, Xiang, Gan Chinese, Gan, Jin Chinese, Jin, Hakka Chinese, Hakka and Yue Chinese, Yue, though some varieties remain unclassified. These groups are neither clades nor individual languages defined by mutual intelligibility, but reflect common phonological developments from Middle Chinese. Chinese varieties have the greatest differences in their phonology, and to a lesser extent in vocabulary and syntax. Southern varieties tend to have fewer initial consonants than northern and central varieties, but more often preserve the Middle Chinese final consonants. All ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huizhou Dialect
The Huizhou dialect () is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around Huicheng District, the traditional urban centre of Huizhou, Guangdong. The locals also call the dialect ''Bendihua'' () and distinguish it from the dialect spoken in Meixian and Danshui, Huiyang, which they call Hakka (). Classification The classification of the Huizhou dialect is disputed because it shows characteristics of both Yue and Hakka. Most scholars classify the Huizhou dialect as a dialect of Hakka, but some scholars, most notably Liu Shuxin, consider it to be a dialect of Yue. The first edition of the ''Language Atlas of China'' puts it into its own subgroup under Hakka known as the Huizhou subgroup (). In the second edition, it is still classified as a dialect of Hakka, but it is placed under the Mei–Hui cluster () of the Yue–Tai subgroup (). Liu Shuxin groups it together with other similar dialects spoken around the middle and upper reaches of the Dong River, including the Heyuan dialect, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sixian Hakka
, pronunciation = , states = Taiwan , region = Miaoli County; Taoyuan; Kaohsiung; Pingtung County; Huatung Valley , latd = , latm = , latNS = , longd = , longm = , longEW = , ethnicity = Taiwanese Hakka , speakers = , date = , dateprefix = , ref = , speakers2 = , familycolor = Sino-Tibetan , fam2 = Sinitic , fam3 = Chinese , fam4 = Hakka–Gan? , fam5 = Hakka– She? , fam6 = Hakka , fam7 = Yue-Tai , fam8 = Meihui , dia1 = Northern Sixian , dia2 = Southern Sixian , dialects = , stand1 = , stand2 = , standards = , script = Pha̍k-fa-sṳ Hakka Romanization System , nation = , minority = , glotto2 = sanh1239 , glotto3 = liud1234 , glotto4 = taoy1234 , glottoname2 = Sixian , glottoname3 = Liudui-Pingtung , glottoname4 = Taoyuan-Miaoli , agency = Hakka Affairs Council , isoexception = dialect The Sixian dialect, also known as the Sixian accent ( zh, t=四縣腔, s=四县腔, first=t; Sixian Hakka Romanization System: Xi ien kiong ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tingzhou Dialect
The Tingzhou dialect () is a group of Hakka dialects spoken in Longyan and Sanming (historically Tingzhou), southwestern Fujian Fujian is a provinces of China, province in East China, southeastern China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its capital is Fuzhou and its largest prefe .... Tingzhou includes the Hakka dialects spoken in the counties originally under the jurisdiction of Tingzhou: Changting (Tingzhou), Ninghua, Qingliu, Liancheng, Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding and Mingxi. The Changting dialect is generally regarded as the representative dialect of this branch of Hakka. References See also * Changting dialect {{Chinese language Hakka Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wuhua Dialect
The Wuhua dialect (, Kak-ka-fa (-va), Kak-fa (-va) is a major dialect of Hakka Chinese spoken in Wuhua County, Jiexi County, Shenzhen, eastern Dongguan, Northern Guangdong around Shaoguan, Sichuan Province, and Tonggu County in Jiangxi Province. Overall, the Wuhua dialect is very similar to the prestige dialect of Hakka, the Meixian dialect. Characteristics The Wuhua dialect is characterized by the pronunciation of several voiced Middle Chinese ''qu-sheng'' (fourth tone) syllables of Moiyen dialect in the ''Shang-sheng'' (third tone). The tone-level of the ''yang-ping'' is a rising /13/, /35/ or /24/ instead of the low-level /11/ usually found in Meixian. In Wuhua-concentrated areas of Northern Bao'an and Eastern Dongguan, the same Meixian dialect tone level of the ''yang-ping'' is found. Two sets of fricatives and affricates (z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, s / ts’ / s, s sh and s sh and ʃ ʃh ʃ appear, similar to Mandarin Chinese. The distinctive "y" final is found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meixian Dialect
The Meixian dialect (; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Mòi-yan-fa; IPA: ), also known as Moiyan dialect, as well as Meizhou dialect (), or Jiaying dialect and Gayin dialect, Kayin dialect is the prestige dialect of Hakka Chinese. It is named after Meixian District, Meizhou, Guangdong. Sixian dialect (in Taiwan) is very similar to Meixian dialect. Phonology Source: Initials There are two series of stops and affricates in Hakka, both voiceless: tenuis // and aspirated //. * When the initials // , // , // , and // are followed by a palatal medial // , they become []/[] , []/[] , [] , and []/[] , respectively. Rimes Moiyan Hakka has seven vowels, , , , , , and , that are romanised as ii, i, ê, a, e, o and u, respectively. Finals Moreover, Hakka finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely which are romanised as m, n, ng, b, d, and g respectively in the official Moiyan romanisation. Tone Moiyan Hakka has six tones. The Middle Chinese fully voiced initial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ () is an orthography similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī and used to write Hakka, a variety of Chinese. Hakka is a whole branch of Chinese, and Hakka dialects are not necessarily mutually intelligible with each other, considering the large geographical region. This article discusses a specific variety of Hakka. The orthography was invented by the Presbyterian church in the 19th century. The Hakka New Testament published in 1924 is written in this system. Writing system Pha̍k-fa-sṳ uses a modified Latin alphabet (an additional double-dotted ṳ for the close central unrounded vowel //) and some diacritics for tones. A single hyphen is added to indicate a compound. History Shortly after the missionaries of the Basel Missionary Society, Reverend Theodore Hamberg and Rudolf Lechler arrived in China in 1847, Hamberg and his colleagues began compiling the Hakka to English to Hakka to German dictionaries. Lechler was initially allocated the evangelizing work amongst the Sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Script
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia. The Greek alphabet was altered by the Etruscan civilization, Etruscans, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the Ancient Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet. The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, which are the same letters as the English alphabet. Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system and is the List of writing systems by adoption, most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Characters
Chinese characters are logographs used Written Chinese, to write the Chinese languages and others from regions historically influenced by Chinese culture. Of the four independently invented writing systems accepted by scholars, they represent the only one that has remained in continuous use. Over a documented history spanning more than three millennia, the function, style, and means of writing characters have changed greatly. Unlike letters in alphabets that reflect the sounds of speech, Chinese characters generally represent morphemes, the units of meaning in a language. Writing all of the frequently used vocabulary in a language requires roughly 2000–3000 characters; , nearly have been identified and included in ''The Unicode Standard''. Characters are created according to several principles, where aspects of shape and pronunciation may be used to indicate the character's meaning. The first attested characters are oracle bone inscriptions made during the 13th century&n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
