Ground Spider
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Ground Spider
Ground spiders comprise Gnaphosidae, the seventh largest spider family with over 2,000 described species in over 100 genera distributed worldwide. There are 105 species known to central Europe, and common genera include ''Gnaphosa'', ''Drassodes'', ''Micaria'', '' Cesonia'', ''Zelotes'' and many others. They are closely related to Clubionidae. At present, no ground spiders are known to be seriously venomous to humans. Description Generally, ground spiders are characterized by having barrel-shaped anterior spinnerets that are one spinneret diameter apart. The main exception to this rule is found in the ant-mimicking genus ''Micaria''. Another characteristic is an indentation in the endites (paired mouthparts anterior and lateral to the labium, or lip). All ground spiders lack a prey-capture web and generally run prey down on the surface. They hunt at night and spend the day in a silken retreat. The genitalia are diverse and are a good model for studying the evolution of genitalia ...
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Palearctic Realm
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Siberian region; the Mediterranean Basin; the Sahara and Arabian Deserts; and Western, Central and East Asia. The Palaearctic realm also has numerous rivers and lakes, forming several freshwater ecoregions. The term 'Palearctic' was first used in the 19th century, and is still in use as the basis for zoogeographic classification. History In an 1858 paper for the ''Proceedings of the Linnean Society'', British zoologist Philip Sclater first identified six terrestrial zoogeographic realms of the world: Palaearctic, Aethiopian/Afrotropic, Indian/Indomalayan, Australasian, Nearctic, and Neotropical. The six indicated general groupings of fauna, based on shared biogeography and large-scale geographic barriers to migration. Alfred Wall ...
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Almafuerte (spider)
''Almafuerte'' is a genus of South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...n ground spiders first described by C. J. Grismado & N. L. Carrión in 2017. Species it contains seven species: *'' Almafuerte facon'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Bolivia *'' Almafuerte giaii'' (Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1948) — Argentina *'' Almafuerte goloboffi'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Argentina *'' Almafuerte kuru'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Argentina *'' Almafuerte peripampasica'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Argentina, Uruguay *'' Almafuerte remota'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Argentina *'' Almafuerte vigorosa'' Grismado & Carrión, 2017 — Argentina References Araneomorphae genera Gnaphosidae {{Gnaphosidae-stub ...
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Arauchemus
''Arauchemus'' is a genus of South American ground spiders that was first described by R. Ott & Antônio Brescovit in 2012. it contains only two species, both found in Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...: ''A. graudo'' and ''A. miudo''. References Araneomorphae genera Gnaphosidae Spiders of Brazil Taxa named by Antônio Brescovit {{Gnaphosidae-stub ...
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Apopyllus
''Apopyllus'' is a genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ... of ground spiders that was first described by Norman I. Platnick & M. U. Shadab in 1984. Species it contains ten species: *'' Apopyllus aeolicus'' Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 – Brazil *'' Apopyllus atlanticus'' Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 – Brazil *'' Apopyllus centralis'' Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 – Brazil *'' Apopyllus gandarela'' Azevedo, Ott, Griswold & Santos, 2016 – Brazil *'' Apopyllus huanuco'' Platnick & Shadab, 1984 – Peru *'' Apopyllus ivieorum'' Platnick & Shadab, 1984 – Mexico *'' Apopyllus malleco'' Platnick & Shadab, 1984 – Chile *'' Apopyllus now'' Platnick & Shadab, 1984 – Curaçao, Colombia *'' Apopyllus silvestrii'' (Simon, 1905) ( type) ...
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Aponetius
''Aponetius'' is a genus of east Asian ground spiders. It was first described by T. Kamura in 2020, and it has only been found in Japan. The type species, ''Aponetius gladius'', was originally described under the name "''Zelotes gladius"''. Species it contains five species: *'' A. flexuosus'' (Kamura, 1999) – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) *'' A. gladius'' (Kamura, 1999) ( type) – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) *'' A. ogatai'' Kamura, 2020 – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) *'' A. ryukyuensis'' (Kamura, 1999) – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) *'' A. watarii'' Kamura, 2020 – Japan (Ryukyu Is.) See also * '' Zelotes'' * List of Gnaphosidae species This page lists all described genera and species of the spider family Gnaphosidae. , the World Spider Catalog accepts 3059 species in 158 genera: A ''Allomicythus'' '' Allomicythus'' Ono, 2009 * '' Allomicythus kamurai'' Ono, 2009 ( type) — V ... References Further reading * Gnaphosidae genera Endemic fauna of the Ryukyu Islands {{Gnaphosidae-stub ...
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Apodrassus
''Apodrassus'' is a monotypic genus of South American ground spiders containing the single species, ''Apodrassus andinus''. It was first described by R. V. Chamberlin in 1916, and has only been found in Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f .... References Gnaphosidae Monotypic Araneomorphae genera Spiders of South America {{Gnaphosidae-stub ...
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Apodrassodes
''Apodrassodes'' is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by J. Vellard in 1924. Species it contains ten species: *'' Apodrassodes araucanius'' (Chamberlin, 1916) – Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile *'' Apodrassodes chula'' Brescovit & Lise, 1993 – Brazil *'' Apodrassodes guatemalensis'' (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) ( type) – Mexico, Central, South America *'' Apodrassodes mercedes'' Platnick & Shadab, 1983 – Chile *'' Apodrassodes mono'' Müller, 1987 – Brazil *'' Apodrassodes pucon'' Platnick & Shadab, 1983 – Chile *'' Apodrassodes quilpuensis'' (Simon Simon may refer to: People * Simon (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name Simon * Simon (surname), including a list of people with the surname Simon * Eugène Simon, French naturalist and the genus ..., 1902) – Chile *'' Apodrassodes taim'' Brescovit & Lise, 1993 – Brazil *'' Apodrassodes trancas'' Platnick & Shadab, 1983 – Chile, Argentina *'' ...
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Aphantaulax
''Aphantaulax'' is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon in 1878. Species it contains seventeen species: *'' Aphantaulax albini'' (Audouin, 1826) ( type) – Egypt, Ethiopia *'' Aphantaulax australis'' Simon, 1893 – South Africa *'' Aphantaulax cincta'' (L. Koch, 1866) – Europe, Turkey, North Africa, Israel *'' Aphantaulax ensifera'' Simon, 1907 – São Tomé and Príncipe *'' Aphantaulax fasciata'' Kulczyński, 1911 – Thailand, Indonesia (Java, Lombok) *'' Aphantaulax flavida'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia *'' Aphantaulax inornata'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aphantaulax katangae'' (Giltay, 1935) – Congo *'' Aphantaulax rostrata'' Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2013 – Thailand *'' Aphantaulax scotophaea'' Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia) *'' Aphantaulax signicollis'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aphantaulax stationis'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aphantaulax trifasciata'' ( O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – So ...
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Anzacia
''Anzacia'' is a genus of South Pacific ground spiders that was first described by R. de Dalmas in 1919. Species it contains fifteen species: *'' Anzacia daviesae'' Ovtsharenko & Platnick, 1995 – Australia (Queensland) *'' Anzacia debilis'' ( Hogg, 1900) – Australia (Victoria) *'' Anzacia dimota'' (Simon, 1908) – Australia (Victoria) *'' Anzacia gemmea'' (Dalmas, 1917) – New Zealand, Australia (Phillip Is.) *'' Anzacia inornata'' (Rainbow, 1920) – Australia (Norfolk Is.) *'' Anzacia invenusta'' (L. Koch Ludwig Carl Christian Koch (8 November 1825 – 1 November 1908) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was born in Regensburg, Germany, and died in Nuremberg, Germany. He studied in Nuremberg, initially law, but then turned to medicin ..., 1872) – Australia (New South Wales) *'' Anzacia micacea'' (Simon, 1908) – Australia (Western Australia) *'' Anzacia mustecula'' (Simon, 1908) – New Guinea, Australia (mainland, Cato Is., Lord Howe Is.) *'' Anzaci ...
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Aneplasa
''Aneplasa'' is a genus of Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...n ground spiders that was first described by R. W. E. Tucker in 1923, but might actually be a junior synonym of '' Nomisia''. Species it contains eight species found in South Africa, East Africa, or Angola: *'' Aneplasa balnearia'' Tucker, 1923 ( type) – South Africa *'' Aneplasa borlei'' Lessert, 1933 – Angola *'' Aneplasa facies'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aneplasa interrogationis'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aneplasa nigra'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aneplasa primaris'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aneplasa sculpturata'' Tucker, 1923 – South Africa *'' Aneplasa strandi'' Caporiacco, 1947 – East Africa References Araneomorphae genera Gnaphosidae Spid ...
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Anagrina
''Anagrina'' is a genus of African long-spinneret ground spiders that was first described by Lucien Berland Lucien Berland (14 May 1888 in Ay, Marne – 18 August 1962 in Versailles)Jean-Jacques Amigo, « Berland (Lucien) », in Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises, vol. 3 Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Perpignan, Publications de ... in 1920. it contains only two species, found only in Africa: '' A. alticola'' and '' A. nigritibialis''. See also * List of Prodidominae species References Araneomorphae genera Prodidominae Taxa named by Lucien Berland {{Gnaphosidae-stub ...
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Anagraphis
''Anagraphis'' is a genus of ground spiders that was first described by Eugène Simon in 1893. Originally placed in the now unrecognized family Prodidomidae, it was moved to the family Gnaphosidae in 2006. Species it contains seven species from Asia and Africa: *'' Anagraphis incerta'' Caporiacco, 1941 – Ethiopia *'' Anagraphis maculosa'' Denis, 1958 – Afghanistan *'' Anagraphis minima'' Caporiacco, 1947 – East Africa *'' Anagraphis ochracea'' (L. Koch Ludwig Carl Christian Koch (8 November 1825 – 1 November 1908) was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was born in Regensburg, Germany, and died in Nuremberg, Germany. He studied in Nuremberg, initially law, but then turned to medicin ..., 1867) – Albania, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey *'' Anagraphis pallens'' Simon, 1893 ( type) – Libya, Malta, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Syria, Russia (Europe), Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Central Asia *'' Anagraphis pluridentata'' Simon, 1897 – Syria *'' Anagraphis pori'' Le ...
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