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Gabriele Veneziano
Gabriele Veneziano ( ; ; born 7 September 1942) is an Italian theoretical physicist widely considered the father of string theory. He has conducted most of his scientific activities at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and held the Chair of Elementary Particles, Gravitation and Cosmology at the Collège de France in Paris from 2004 to 2013, until the age of retirement there. Life Gabriele Veneziano was born in Florence. In 1965, he earned his Laurea in Theoretical Physics from the University of Florence under the direction of . He pursued his doctoral studies at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel and obtained his PhD in 1967 under the supervision of Hector Rubinstein. During his stay in Israel, he collaborated, among others, with Marco Ademollo (a professor in Florence) and Miguel Virasoro (an Argentinian physicist who later became a professor in Italy). During his years at MIT, he collaborated with many colleagues, primarily with Sergio Fubini (an MIT professor, la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Florence
Florence ( ; ) is the capital city of the Italy, Italian region of Tuscany. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants, and 989,460 in Metropolitan City of Florence, its metropolitan province as of 2025. Florence was a centre of Middle Ages, medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered by many academics to have been the birthplace of the Renaissance, becoming a major artistic, cultural, commercial, political, economic and financial center. During this time, Florence rose to a position of enormous influence in Italy, Europe, and beyond. Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful House of Medici, Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. The Florentine dialect forms the base of Italian language, standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomeranchuk Prize
The Pomeranchuk Prize is an international award for theoretical physics, awarded annually since 1998 by the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) from Moscow. It is named after Russian physicist Isaak Yakovlevich Pomeranchuk, who together with Landau established the Theoretical Physics Department of the Institute. Laureates * 2024 Andrei Linde and Igor Tyutin * 2023 Yakir Aharonov and Arkady Tseytlin * 2022 Luciano Maiani and Irina Aref'eva * 2021 Larry D. McLerran and Alexei Starobinsky * 2020 Sergio Ferrara and Mikhail Andrejewitsch Vasiliev * 2019 Roger Penrose and Vladimir S. Popov * 2018 Giorgio Parisi and Lev Pitaevskii * 2017 Igor Klebanov and Juri Moissejewitsch Kagan * 2016 Curtis J. Callan and Yuri A. Simonov * 2015 Stanley J. Brodsky and Victor Fadin * 2014 Leonid Keldysh and Alexander Zamolodchikov * 2013 Mikhail Shifman and Andrei Slavnov * 2012 Juan Martín Maldacena and Spartak Belyaev * 2011 Heinrich Leutwyler and Semyon Gers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
String (physics)
In physics, a string is a physical entity postulated in string theory and related subjects. Unlike elementary particles, which are zero-dimensional or point-like by definition, strings are one-dimensional extended entities. Researchers often have an interest in string theories because theories in which the fundamental entities are strings rather than point particles automatically have many properties that some physicists expect to hold in a fundamental theory of physics. Most notably, a theory of strings that evolve and interact according to the rules of quantum mechanics will automatically describe quantum gravity. Overview In string theory, the strings may be open (forming a segment with two endpoints) or closed (forming a loop like a circle) and may have other special properties. Prior to 1995, there were five known versions of string theory incorporating the idea of supersymmetry (these five are known as superstring theories) and two versions without supersymmetry known as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scattering Amplitude
In quantum physics, the scattering amplitude is the probability amplitude of the outgoing spherical wave relative to the incoming plane wave in a stationary-state scattering process. Formulation Scattering in quantum mechanics begins with a physical model based on the Schrodinger wave equation for probability amplitude \psi: -\frac\nabla^2\psi + V\psi = E\psi where \mu is the reduced mass of two scattering particles and is the energy of relative motion. For scattering problems, a stationary (time-independent) wavefunction is sought with behavior at large distances (asymptotic form) in two parts. First a plane wave represents the incoming source and, second, a spherical wave emanating from the scattering center placed at the coordinate origin represents the scattered wave: \psi(r\rightarrow \infty) \sim e^ + f(\mathbf_f,\mathbf_i)\frac The scattering amplitude, f(\mathbf_f,\mathbf_i), represents the amplitude that the target will scatter into the direction \mathbf_f. In gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beta Function
In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function that is closely related to the gamma function and to binomial coefficients. It is defined by the integral : \Beta(z_1,z_2) = \int_0^1 t^(1-t)^\,dt for complex number inputs z_1, z_2 such that \operatorname(z_1), \operatorname(z_2)>0. The beta function was studied by Leonhard Euler and Adrien-Marie Legendre and was given its name by Jacques Binet; its symbol is a Greek capital beta. Properties The beta function is symmetric, meaning that \Beta(z_1,z_2) = \Beta(z_2,z_1) for all inputs z_1 and z_2.. Specifically, see 6.2 Beta Function. A key property of the beta function is its close relationship to the gamma function: : \Beta(z_1,z_2)=\frac A proof is given below in . The beta function is also closely related to binomial coefficients. When (or , by symmetry) is a positive integer, it follows from the definition of the gamma function that : \Beta(m,n) =\fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler ( ; ; ; 15 April 170718 September 1783) was a Swiss polymath who was active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician, geographer, and engineer. He founded the studies of graph theory and topology and made influential discoveries in many other branches of mathematics, such as analytic number theory, complex analysis, and infinitesimal calculus. He also introduced much of modern mathematical terminology and Mathematical notation, notation, including the notion of a mathematical function. He is known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler has been called a "universal genius" who "was fully equipped with almost unlimited powers of imagination, intellectual gifts and extraordinary memory". He spent most of his adult life in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, then the capital of Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia. Euler is credited for popularizing the Greek letter \pi (lowercase Pi (letter), pi) to denote Pi, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational Christianity, non-denominational all-male institution near New York City Hall, City Hall based on a curriculum focused on a secular education. The university moved in 1833 and has maintained its main campus in Greenwich Village surrounding Washington Square Park. Since then, the university has added an engineering school in Brooklyn's MetroTech Center and graduate schools throughout Manhattan. NYU is one of the largest private universities in the United States by enrollment, with a total of 51,848 enrolled students in 2021. It is one of the most applied-to schools in the country and admissions are considered selective. NYU's main campus in New York City is organized into ten undergraduate schools, including the New York University College ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
College Of France
A college (Latin: ''collegium'') may be a tertiary educational institution (sometimes awarding degrees), part of a collegiate university, an institution offering vocational education, a further education institution, or a secondary school. In most of the world, a college may be a high school or secondary school, a college of further education, a training institution that awards trade qualifications, a higher-education provider that does not have university status (often without its own degree-awarding powers), or a constituent part of a university. In the United States, a college may offer undergraduate programs – either as an independent institution or as the undergraduate program of a university – or it may be a residential college of a university or a community college, referring to (primarily public) higher education institutions that aim to provide affordable and accessible education, usually limited to two-year associate degrees. The word "college" is generally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
