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Green500
The Green500 is a biannual ranking of supercomputers, from the TOP500 list of supercomputers, in terms of energy efficiency. The list measures performance per watt using the TOP500 measure of high performance LINPACK benchmarks at double-precision floating-point format. History The Green500 List was created by Kirk W. Cameron and Wu-chun Feng, then both associate professors in Computer Science at Virginia Tech, in 2006. The power measurement techniques that form the basis of the run rules were based on Cameron's early work in supercomputer energy efficiency initially funded by the National Science Foundation (Awards: #0347683, #0614705). The first Green500 List was presented at the 2007 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing and described in the December issue of IEEE Computer 40(12): 50-55 (2007). The list was initially met with some controversy since several key stakeholders (e.g., SGI, DOE Laboratories) failed to submit measurements by the report deadlines and were deprecated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Performance Per Watt
In computing, performance per watt is a measure of the energy efficiency of a particular computer architecture or computer hardware. Literally, it measures the rate of computation that can be delivered by a computer for every watt of power consumed. This rate is typically measured by performance on the LINPACK benchmark when trying to compare between computing systems: an example using this is the Green500 list of supercomputers. Performance per watt has been suggested to be a more sustainable measure of computing than Moore's law. System designers building parallel computers often pick CPUs based on their performance per watt of power, because the cost of powering the CPU outweighs the cost of the CPU itself. Spaceflight computers have hard limits on the maximum power available and also have hard requirements on minimum real-time performance. A ratio of processing speed to required electrical power is more useful than raw processing speed. D. J. Shirley; and M. K. McLellan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TOP500
The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computing, distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL (benchmark), HPL benchmarks, a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmarks, LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for Distributed memory, distributed-memory computers. The most recent edition of TOP500 was published in June 2025 as the 65th edition of TOP500, while the next edition of TOP500 will be published in November 2025 as the 66th edition of TOP500. As of June 2025, the United States' El Capitan (supercomputer), El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Appro International, Inc
Appro was a developer of supercomputing supporting High Performance Computing (HPC) markets focused on medium- to large-scale deployments. Appro was based in Milpitas, California with a computing center in The Woodlands, Texas, and a manufacturing and support subsidiary in South Korea and Japan. Cray Inc. purchased Appro in November 2012. Company history Appro was founded in 1991 by President and CEO Daniel Kim. Mr. Kim expanded the company in the US market as OEM high performance rackmount computer systems manufacturer. Appro quickly became one of the fastest growing rackmount computer companies. In 2002, Appro produced and marketed its own line of branded high-density servers for the high-performance and Internet computing markets in a transition from OEM to Appro branded products. In 2005, Appro expanded manufacturing, engineering and product development teams in South Korea and introduced its first blade cluster, the Appro HyperBlade Server Cluster Solution and the Appr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PEZY Computing
PEZY Computing is a Japanese fabless computer chip design company specialising in the design of manycore processors for supercomputers. History PEZY Computing was founded in 2010 and it is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The company's first manycore processor the PEZY-1 was launched in 2012. A successor the PEZY-SC launched 2014. In 2015, computers using PEZY processors occupied the top 3 slots on the Green 500 supercomputer list the most efficient was RIKEN's ''Shoubu'' computer with 7.03 GFLOPS/Watt. In late 2016, PEZY and Imagination Technologies announced a partnership to use Imagination's 64-bit MIPS "Warrior" CPUs together with PEZY's SC2 manycore processors in future high performance computing applications. In early 2017, the PEZY-SC2 chip was launched. In Nov 2017 the ''Gyoukou'' supercomputer was unveiled, incorporating PEZY-SC2 chips. In December 2017, PEZY President Motoaki Saito, and PEZY employee, Daisuke Suzuki, were arrested on a charges of fraud that is paddi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summit (supercomputer)
Summit or OLCF-4 was a supercomputer developed by IBM for use at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), a facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States of America. It held the number 1 position on the TOP500 list from June 2018 to June 2020. As of June 2024, its LINPACK benchmark was clocked at 148.6 petaFLOPS. Summit was decommissioned on November 15, 2024. As of November 2019, the supercomputer had ranked as the 5th most energy efficient in the world with a measured power efficiency of 14.668 gigaFLOPS/watt. Summit was the first supercomputer to reach exaflop (a quintillion operations per second) speed, on a non-standard metric, achieving 1.88 exaflops during a genomic analysis and is expected to reach 3.3 exaflops using mixed-precision calculations. History The United States Department of Energy awarded a $325 million contract in November 2014 to IBM, Nvidia and Mellanox. The effort resulted in construction of Summit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking
The European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) is a public-private partnership in high-performance computing (HPC), enabling the pooling of European Union–level resources with the resources of participating EU member states and participating associated states of the Horizon Europe and Digital Europe programmes, as well as private stakeholders. The Joint Undertaking has the twin stated aims of developing a pan-European supercomputing infrastructure, and supporting research and innovation activities. Located in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, the Joint Undertaking started operating in November 2018 under the control of the European Commission and became autonomous in 2020. History In June 2016, EU member state leaders, meeting in the European Council called for greater coordination of EU efforts on high-performance computing as part of the EU's wider Digital Single Market strategy. The European Declaration on High-Performance Computing was launched in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General-purpose Computing On Graphics Processing Units
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU, or less often GPGP) is the use of a graphics processing unit (GPU), which typically handles computation only for computer graphics, to perform computation in applications traditionally handled by the central processing unit (CPU). The use of multiple video cards in one computer, or large numbers of graphics chips, further parallelizes the already parallel nature of graphics processing. Essentially, a GPGPU pipeline is a kind of parallel processing between one or more GPUs and CPUs that analyzes data as if it were in image or other graphic form. While GPUs operate at lower frequencies, they typically have many times the number of cores. Thus, GPUs can process far more pictures and graphical data per second than a traditional CPU. Migrating data into graphical form and then using the GPU to scan and analyze it can create a large speedup. GPGPU pipelines were developed at the beginning of the 21st century for graphic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OpenCL
OpenCL (Open Computing Language) is a software framework, framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous computing, heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other processors or hardware accelerators. OpenCL specifies a programming language (based on C99) for programming these devices and application programming interfaces (APIs) to control the platform and execute programs on the OpenCL compute devices, compute devices. OpenCL provides a standard interface for parallel computing using Task parallelism, task- and Data parallelism, data-based parallelism. OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the Khronos Group, a Non-profit organization, non-profit, open standards organisation. Conformant implementations (passed the Conformance Test Suite) are available from a range of companies including AMD, Arm (company), Arm, Caden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volta (microarchitecture)
Volta is the codename, but not the trademark, for a graphics processing unit, GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, succeeding Pascal (microarchitecture), Pascal. It was first announced on a roadmap in March 2013, although the first product was not announced until May 2017. The architecture is named after 18th–19th century Italian chemist and physicist Alessandro Volta. It was Nvidia's first chip to feature Tensor Cores, specially designed cores that have superior deep learning performance over regular CUDA cores. The architecture is produced with TSMC's 14 nm process, 12 nm FinFET process. The Ampere (microarchitecture), Ampere microarchitecture is the successor to Volta. The first graphics card to use it was the datacenter Nvidia Tesla, Tesla V100, e.g. as part of the Nvidia DGX-1 system. It has also been used in the Quadro GV100 and Titan V. There were no mainstream GeForce graphics cards based on Volta. After two USPTO proceedings, on July 3, 2023 Nvidia lost the V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NVIDIA Tesla
Nvidia Tesla is the former name for a line of products developed by Nvidia targeted at stream processing or GPGPU, general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU), named after pioneering electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. Its products began using GPUs from the GeForce 8 series, G80 series, and have continued to accompany the release of new chips. They are programmable using the CUDA or OpenCL application programming interface, APIs. The Nvidia Tesla product line competed with AMD's Radeon Instinct and Intel Xeon Phi lines of deep learning and GPU cards. Nvidia retired the Tesla brand in May 2020, reportedly because of potential confusion with the Tesla, Inc., brand of cars. Its new GPUs are branded Nvidia Data Center GPUs as in the Ampere (microarchitecture), Ampere-based A100 GPU. Nvidia DGX servers feature Nvidia GPGPUs. Overview Offering computational power much greater than traditional Central processing units, microprocessors, the Tesla products targeted the high-perfo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biannual
An anniversary is the date on which an event took place or an institution was founded. Most countries celebrate national anniversaries, typically called national days. These could be the date of independence of the nation or the adoption of a new constitution or form of government. There is no definite method for determining the date of establishment of an institution, and it is generally decided within the institution by convention. The important dates in a sitting monarch's reign may also be commemorated, an event often referred to as a " jubilee". Names * Birthdays are the most common type of anniversary, on which someone's birthdate is commemorated each year. The actual celebration is sometimes moved for practical reasons, as in the case of an official birthday or one falling on February 29. * Wedding anniversaries are also often celebrated, on the same day of the year as the wedding occurred. * Death anniversaries. The Latin phrase '' dies natalis'' (literally "bir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
POWER9
POWER9 is a family of superscalar, multithreading, multi-core microprocessors produced by IBM, based on the Power ISA. It was announced in August 2016. The POWER9-based processors are being manufactured using a 14 nm FinFET process, in 12- and 24-core versions, for scale out and scale up applications, and possibly other variations, since the POWER9 architecture is open for licensing and modification by the OpenPOWER Foundation members. Summit, the ninth fastest supercomputer in the world (based on the Top500 list as of June 2024), is based on POWER9, while also using Nvidia Tesla GPUs as accelerators. Design Core The POWER9 core comes in two variants, a four-way multithreaded one called ''SMT4'' and an eight-way one called ''SMT8''. The SMT4- and SMT8-cores are similar, in that they consist of a number of so-called ''slices'' fed by common schedulers. A slice is a rudimentary 64-bit single-threaded processing core with load store unit (LSU), integer unit (ALU) and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
