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Golomb Coding
Golomb coding is a lossless data compression method using a family of data compression codes invented by Solomon W. Golomb in the 1960s. Alphabets following a geometric distribution will have a Golomb code as an optimal prefix code, making Golomb coding highly suitable for situations in which the occurrence of small values in the input stream is significantly more likely than large values. Rice coding Rice coding (invented by Robert F. Rice) denotes using a subset of the family of Golomb codes to produce a simpler (but possibly suboptimal) prefix code. Rice used this set of codes in an adaptive coding scheme; "Rice coding" can refer either to that adaptive scheme or to using that subset of Golomb codes. Whereas a Golomb code has a tunable parameter that can be any positive integer value, Rice codes are those in which the tunable parameter is a power of two. This makes Rice codes convenient for use on a computer, since multiplication and division by 2 can be implemented ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Lossless Data Compression
Lossless compression is a class of data compression that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data with no loss of information. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits Redundancy (information theory), statistical redundancy. By contrast, lossy compression permits reconstruction only of an approximation of the original data, though usually with greatly improved Bit rate#Bitrates in multimedia, compression rates (and therefore reduced media sizes). By operation of the pigeonhole principle, no lossless compression algorithm can shrink the size of all possible data: Some data will get longer by at least one symbol or bit. Compression algorithms are usually effective for human- and machine-readable documents and cannot shrink the size of random data that contain no Redundancy (information theory), redundancy. Different algorithms exist that are designed either with a specific type of input data in mind or with speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Bernoulli Trial
In the theory of probability and statistics, a Bernoulli trial (or binomial trial) is a random experiment with exactly two possible outcomes, "success" and "failure", in which the probability of success is the same every time the experiment is conducted. It is named after Jacob Bernoulli, a 17th-century Swiss mathematician, who analyzed them in his ' (1713). The mathematical formalization and advanced formulation of the Bernoulli trial is known as the Bernoulli process. Since a Bernoulli trial has only two possible outcomes, it can be framed as a "yes or no" question. For example: *Is the top card of a shuffled deck an ace? *Was the newborn child a girl? (See human sex ratio.) Success and failure are in this context labels for the two outcomes, and should not be construed literally or as value judgments. More generally, given any probability space, for any event (set of outcomes), one can define a Bernoulli trial according to whether the event occurred or not (event or c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Rice Algorithm
Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2023, 800 million tons were produced, placing it third after sugarcane and maize. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally. China, India, and Indonesia are the largest consumers of rice. A substantial amount of the rice produced in developing nations is lost after harvest through factors such as poor transport and storage. Rice yields can be reduced by pests including insects, rodents, and birds, as well as by weeds, and by diseases such as rice blast. Traditional rice polycultures such as rice-duck farming, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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FELICS
FELICS, which stands for Fast Efficient & Lossless Image Compression System, is a lossless image compression algorithm that performs 5-times faster than the original lossless JPEG codec and achieves a similar compression ratio. History It was invented by Paul G. Howard and Jeffrey S. Vitter of the Department of Computer Science at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, and was first presented at the 1993 IEEE Data Compression Conference in Snowbird, Utah. It was successfully implemented in hardware and deployed as part of HiRISE on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.A. S. McEwen, E. M. Eliason, J. W. Bergstrom, N. T. Bridges, C. J. Hansen, W. A. Delamere, J. A. Grant, V. C. Gulick, K. E. Herkenhoff, L. Keszthelyi, R. L. Kirk, M. T. Mellon, S. W. Squyres, N. Thomas, and C. M. WeitzMars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) ''Journal of Geophysical Research'', 112(E05S02), 2007, 40 pages. Principle Like other lossless codecs for c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Linear Predictive Coding
Linear predictive coding (LPC) is a method used mostly in audio signal processing and speech processing for representing the spectral envelope of a digital signal of speech in compressed form, using the information of a linear predictive model. LPC is the most widely used method in speech coding and speech synthesis. It is a powerful speech analysis technique, and a useful method for encoding good quality speech at a low bit rate. Overview LPC starts with the assumption that a speech signal is produced by a buzzer at the end of a tube (for voiced sounds), with occasional added hissing and popping sounds (for voiceless sounds such as sibilants and plosives). Although apparently crude, this Source–filter model is actually a close approximation of the reality of speech production. The glottis (the space between the vocal folds) produces the buzz, which is characterized by its intensity (loudness) and frequency (pitch). The vocal tract (the throat and mouth) forms the tube, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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MPEG-4 ALS
MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding, also known as MPEG-4 ALS, is an extension to the MPEG-4 Part 3 audio standard to allow lossless audio compression. The extension was finalized in December 2005 and published as ISO/ IEC 14496-3:2005/Amd 2:2006 in 2006. The latest description of MPEG-4 ALS was published as subpart 11 of the MPEG-4 Audio standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019) (5th edition) in December 2019. MPEG-4 ALS combines a short-term predictor and a long term predictor. The short-term predictor is similar to FLAC in its operation – it is a quantized LPC predictor with a losslessly coded residual using Golomb Rice Coding or Block Gilbert Moore Coding (BGMC). The long term predictor is modeled by 5 long-term weighted residues, each with its own lag (delay). The lag can be hundreds of samples. This predictor improves the compression for sounds with rich harmonics (containing multiples of a single fundamental frequency, locked in phase) present in many musical instruments and human voi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Apple Lossless
The Apple Lossless Audio Codec (ALAC, ), also known as Apple Lossless, or Apple Lossless Encoder (ALE), is an audio coding format, and its reference audio codec implementation, developed by Apple Inc., Apple for lossless data compression of digital music. After initially keeping it proprietary format, proprietary from its inception in 2004, in late 2011 Apple made the codec available open-source software, open source and royalty-free. Traditionally, Apple has referred to the codec as ''Apple Lossless'', though more recently it has begun to use the abbreviated term ''ALAC'' when referring to the codec. ALAC data is frequently stored within an MPEG-4 Part 14, MP4 Container format (digital), container with the filename extension ''.m4a''. This extension is also used by Apple for Advanced Audio Coding, AAC (which is a Lossy compression, lossy format) in an MP4 container (same container, different audio encoding). ALAC can also be used by the Core Audio Format, .CAF file type container ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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FLAC
FLAC (; Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation, and is also the name of the free software project producing the FLAC tools, the reference software package that includes a codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLAC's algorithm can typically be reduced to between 50 and 70 percent of its original size and decompresses to an identical copy of the original audio data. FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC supports metadata tagging, album cover art, and fast seeking. History Development was started in 2000 by Josh Coalson. The bitstream format was frozen with the release of version 0.9 of the reference implementation on 31 March 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001. On 29 January 2003, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph.org banner. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Shorten (file Format)
Shorten (SHN) is a file format used for compressing audio data. It is a form of lossless data compression, data compression of files and is used to Audio data compression, losslessly compress CD-quality audio files (44.1 kilohertz, kHz 16-binary digit, bit stereo Pulse-code modulation, PCM). Shorten is no longer developed and other lossless audio codecs such as Free Lossless Audio Codec, FLAC, Monkey's Audio (APE), TTA, and WavPack (WV) have become more popular. It is still in use to trade Bootleg recording, concert recordings that are already encoded as Shorten files. Shorten files use the .shn file extension. Handling Shorten files All libavcodec based players and converters support the Shorten codec; and since the LAVFilters are based on libavcodec, support can easily be added to Windows Media Player and other software that uses the standard filter / codec APIs. As far as less common programs, some Rockbox applications can play Shorten files without decompression, and third-pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Sine Wave
A sine wave, sinusoidal wave, or sinusoid (symbol: ∿) is a periodic function, periodic wave whose waveform (shape) is the trigonometric function, trigonometric sine, sine function. In mechanics, as a linear motion over time, this is ''simple harmonic motion''; as rotation, it corresponds to ''uniform circular motion''. Sine waves occur often in physics, including wind waves, sound waves, and light waves, such as monochromatic radiation. In engineering, signal processing, and mathematics, Fourier analysis decomposes general functions into a sum of sine waves of various frequencies, relative phases, and magnitudes. When any two sine waves of the same frequency (but arbitrary phase (waves), phase) are linear combination, linearly combined, the result is another sine wave of the same frequency; this property is unique among periodic waves. Conversely, if some phase is chosen as a zero reference, a sine wave of arbitrary phase can be written as the linear combination of two sine wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Prediction
A prediction (Latin ''præ-'', "before," and ''dictum'', "something said") or forecast is a statement about a future event or about future data. Predictions are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge of forecasters. There is no universal agreement about the exact difference between "prediction" and " estimation"; different authors and disciplines ascribe different connotations. Future events are necessarily uncertain, so guaranteed accurate information about the future is impossible. Prediction can be useful to assist in making plans about possible developments. Opinion In a non-statistical sense, the term "prediction" is often used to refer to an informed guess or opinion. A prediction of this kind might be informed by a predicting person's abductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, and experience; and may be useful—if the predicting person is a knowledgeable person in the field. The Delphi method is a technique for elicitin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Golomb Coded Rice Algorithm Experiment Compression Ratios
Golomb or Gollomb is a surname which was changed from the Polisch State Government after 1945 to a phonetical approximation of the polish word " gołąb" (meaning "dove"). It may refer to: * Abraham Golomb (1888–1982) Yiddish-language teacher and writer * Eliyahu Golomb (1893–1945), leader of the Jewish defense effort in Mandate Palestine * Michael Golomb (1909–2008), American mathematician and educator * Rudy Gollomb (1911–1991), American football player * Solomon W. Golomb (1932–2016), American mathematician and engineer ** Golomb ruler ** Golomb coding Golomb coding is a lossless data compression method using a family of data compression codes invented by Solomon W. Golomb in the 1960s. Alphabets following a geometric distribution will have a Golomb code as an optimal prefix code, making ... See also * * Gołąb (surname) Surnames of Jewish origin Polish-language surnames {{Dove-surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |