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Diamide Insecticide
Ryanoids are a class of insecticides which share the same mechanism of action as the alkaloid ryanodine. Ryanodine is a naturally occurring insecticide isolated from ''Ryania speciosa ''Ryania speciosa'' is a species of plant in the family Salicaceae. The species is significant partly because the ryanoid insecticides are derived from, and have the same mode of action as the alkaloid ryanodine, which was originally extracte ...''. Ryanoids include natural chemicals which are closely related to ryanodine, such as ryanodol and 9,21-didehydroryanodol, and also chemically distinct synthetic compounds such as chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr), flubendiamide, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, and tetraniliprole, which are called diamide insecticides. Ryanoids exert their insecticidal effect by interacting with ryanodine receptors, a type of calcium channel. This causes loss of muscle function leading to paralysis and death. References {{insecticides Insecticides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insecticide
Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to be a major factor behind the increase in the 20th-century's agricultural productivity. Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans and/or animals; some become concentrated as they spread along the food chain. Insecticides can be classified into two major groups: systemic insecticides, which have residual or long term activity; and contact insecticides, which have no residual activity. The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest. It provides another way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action can be important in understanding whether an insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals. Insecticides may be repellen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mechanism Of Action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor. Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there. Drugs that do not bind to receptors produce their corresponding therapeutic effect by simply interacting with chemical or physical properties in the body. Common examples of drugs that work in this way are antacids and laxatives. In contrast, a mode of action (MoA) describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance. Importance Elucidating the mechanism of action of novel drugs and medications is important for several reasons: * In the case of anti-infec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.Chemical Encyclopedia: alkaloids xumuk.ru Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including , , |
Ryanodine
Ryanodine is a poisonous diterpenoid found in the South American plant ''Ryania speciosa'' (Salicaceae). It was originally used as an insecticide. The compound has extremely high affinity to the open-form ryanodine receptor, a group of calcium channels found in skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and heart muscle cells. It binds with such high affinity to the receptor that it was used as a label for the first purification of that class of ion channels and gave its name to it. At nanomolar concentrations, ryanodine locks the receptor in a half-open state, whereas it fully closes them at micromolar concentration. The effect of the nanomolar-level binding is that ryanodine causes release of calcium from calcium stores as the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, leading to massive muscle contractions. The effect of micromolar-level binding is paralysis. This is true for both mammals and insects. See also * Ryanoid, a class of insecticides with the same mechanism of action as ryano ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ryania Speciosa
''Ryania speciosa'' is a species of plant in the family Salicaceae. The species is significant partly because the ryanoid insecticides are derived from, and have the same mode of action as the alkaloid ryanodine, which was originally extracted from this South American plant, which is also used as a piscicide. Varieties The Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic I ... lists these varieties: * ''R. s.'' var. ''bicolor'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''chocoensis'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''minor'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''mutisii'' (extinct) * ''R. s.'' var. ''panamensis'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''stipularis'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''subuliflora'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''tomentella'' * ''R. s.'' var. ''tomentosa'' References M. Vahl, 1797 ''In: Eclog. Am. 1: 51, t. 9 (1796) 79 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toxicology Letters
''Toxicology Letters'' is a Peer review, peer-reviewed scientific journal for the rapid publication of short reports on all aspects of toxicology, especially mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicology Letters is the official journal of Eurotox.Website of Toxicology Letters at Elsevier accessed on March, 9th, 2013. ''(Eurotox exists as a Society within the meaning of Art. 60 et seq. of the Swiss Civil Code. The registered address of Eurotox is in Basel.)'' Editors-in-chief are Wolfgang Dekant (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany), Scott Garrett, University of North Dakota, and Yunbo Li (Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Virginia). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorantraniliprole
Chlorantraniliprole (Rynaxypyr) is an insecticide of the ryanoid classes. Chlorantraniliprole was developed world-wide by DuPont and belongs to a class of selective insecticides featuring a novel mode of action to control a range of pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera (moth) and some other Coleoptera (beetle), Diptera (fly), and Isoptera (termite) species. Chlorantraniliprole opens muscular calcium channels,in particular the ryanodine receptor, rapidly causing paralysis and ultimately death of sensitive species. The differential selectivity chlorantraniliprole has towards insect ryanodine receptors explains the outstanding profile of low mammalian toxicity. Chlorantraniliprole is active on chewing pest insects primarily by ingestion and secondarily by contact. Chlorantraniliprole is an active ingredient An active ingredient is any ingredient that provides biologically active or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flubendiamide
Flubendiamide is a synthetic petrochemical pesticide in of the ryanoid class which acts at receptors in insect muscles. The chemical contains a perfluorinated functional group. Regulation The United States Environmental Protection Agency registered it conditionally in 2008 for use on over 200 crops, including almonds and alfalfa, with some crops having as many as six applications per year. The EPA requested Bayer CropScience Bayer AG (, commonly pronounced ; ) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include pharmaceutica ... and Nichino America to submit a voluntary cancellation, which they rejected. The EPA then announced its intent to cancel its conditional approval of flubendiamide in March 2016. The registration was cancelled later in 2016. The product is available in other jurisdictions such as Europe and India. Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyantraniliprole
Cyantraniliprole is an insecticide of the ryanoid class, specifically a diamide insecticide (IRAC MoA group 28). It is approved for use in the United States, Canada, China, and India. Because of its uncommon mechanism of action as a ryanoid, it has activity against pests such as ''Diaphorina citri ''Diaphorina citri'', the Asian citrus psyllid, is a sap-sucking, hemipteran bug in the family Psyllidae. It is one of two confirmed vectors of citrus greening disease. It has a wide distribution in southern Asia and has spread to other citrus g ...'' that have developed resistance to other classes of insecticides. Cyantraniliprole is highly toxic to bees, which resulted in registration of its use as a pesticide being delayed in the USA. References External links https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/legal-victory-court-orders-epa-to-protect-endangered-wildlife-from-toxic-pesticide-2022-11-22/ This insecticide is highly toxic to bees and is under review by the EP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
