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Deviance (other)
Deviance may refer to: * Deviance (sociology), actions or behaviors that violate social norms * Deviancy amplification spiral, a cognitive bias (error in judgement): a deviancy amplification term used by interactionist sociologist to refer to the way levels of deviance or crime can be increased by the societal reaction to deviance itself. * Deviance (statistics), a quality of fit statistic for a model * Positive deviance * Paraphilia, historically referred to as sexual deviance * Bid‘ah, Islamic term for innovations and deviations acts or groups from orthodox Islamic law (Sharia) See also * Deviant (other) * Deviation (other) Deviation may refer to: Mathematics and engineering * Allowance (engineering), an engineering and machining allowance is a planned deviation between an actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or between an intermediate-stage dim ... * Discrepancy (other) * Divergence (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deviance (sociology)
Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores). Although deviance may have a negative connotation, the violation of social norms is not always a negative action; positive deviation exists in some situations. Although a norm is violated, a behavior can still be classified as positive or acceptable. Social norms differ throughout society and between cultures. A certain act or behaviour may be viewed as deviant and receive sanctions or punishments within one society and be seen as a normal behaviour in another society. Additionally, as a society's understanding of social norms changes over time, so too does the collective perception of deviance. Deviance is relative to the place where it was committed or to the time the act took place. Killing another human is generally considered wrong for example ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deviancy Amplification Spiral
The deviancy amplification spiral and deviancy amplification are terms used by interactionist sociologist to refer to the way levels of deviance or crime can be increased by the societal reaction to deviance itself. Origin of term The process of deviancy amplification was first described by Leslie T. Wilkins. Process According to sociologist Stanley Cohen, the spiral starts with some deviant act. Usually the deviance is criminal, but it can also involve lawful acts considered morally repugnant by a large segment of society. With the new focus on the issue, hidden or borderline examples that would not themselves have been newsworthy are reported, confirming the pattern. This confirmation of the pattern was first documented by Stanley Cohen in ''Folk Devils and Moral Panic,'' a study of the media response to clashes between the Mods and Rockers, two rival subcultures of the time. Reported cases of such deviance are often presented as the ones we know about, or the "tip of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cognitive Bias
A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm (philosophy), norm or rationality in judgment. Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the Objectivity (philosophy), objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality. Although it may seem like such misperceptions would be aberrations, biases can help humans find commonalities and shortcuts to assist in the navigation of common situations in life. Some cognitive biases are presumably adaptive. Cognitive biases may lead to more effective actions in a given context. Furthermore, allowing cognitive biases enables faster decisions which can be desirable when timeliness is more valuable than accuracy, as illustrated in heuristics in judgment and decision-making, heuristic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deviance (statistics)
In statistics, deviance is a goodness-of-fit statistic for a statistical model; it is often used for statistical hypothesis testing. It is a generalization of the idea of using the sum of squares of residuals (SSR) in ordinary least squares to cases where model-fitting is achieved by maximum likelihood. It plays an important role in exponential dispersion models and generalized linear models. Definition The unit deviance d(y,\mu) is a bivariate function that satisfies the following conditions: * d(y,y) = 0 * d(y,\mu) > 0 \quad\forall y \neq \mu The total deviance D(\mathbf,\hat) of a model with predictions \hat of the observation \mathbf is the sum of its unit deviances: D(\mathbf,\hat) = \sum_i d(y_i, \hat_i). The (total) deviance for a model ''M''0 with estimates \hat = E \hat_0/math>, based on a dataset ''y'', may be constructed by its likelihood as:McCullagh and Nelder (1989): page 17 D(y,\hat) = 2 \left(\log \left (y\mid\hat \theta_s)\right- \log \left p(y\mid\hat \theta_0) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive Deviance
Positive deviance (PD) is an approach to behavioral and social change based on the observation that in any community there are people whose uncommon but successful behaviors or strategies enable them to find better solutions to a problem than their peers, despite facing similar challenges and having no extra resources or knowledge than their peers. These individuals are referred to as positive deviants.Tuhus-Dubrow, R. The Power of Positive Deviants: A promising new tactic for changing communities from the inside. Boston Globe. November 29, 2009.Singhal, Arvind, and Lucia Dura. Protecting Children from Exploitation and Trafficking Using the Positive Deviance Approach in Uganda and Indonesia. Save the Children Federation, Inc., 2010. The concept first appeared in nutrition research in the 1970s. Researchers observed that despite the poverty in a community, some poor families had well nourished children. Some suggested using information gathered from these outliers to plan nutrition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraphilia
Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. It has also been defined as sexual interest in anything other than a consenting human partner. There is no scientific consensus for any precise border between unusual sexual interests and paraphilic ones. There is debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as the ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The number and taxonomy of paraphilia is under debate; one source lists as many as 549 types of paraphilia. The DSM-5 has specific listings for eight paraphilic disorders. Several sub-classifications of the paraphilias have been proposed, and some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence. Terminology Histor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bid‘ah
In Islam, bid'ah ( ar, بدعة; en, innovation) refers to innovation in religious matters. Linguistically, the term means "innovation, novelty, heretical doctrine, heresy". In classical Arabic literature ('' adab''), it has been used as a form of praise for outstanding compositions of prose and poetry. Traditional view In early Islamic history, bid'ah referred primarily to heterodox doctrines. In Islamic law, when used without qualification, bid'ah denotes any newly invented matter that is without precedent and is in opposition to the Quran and Sunnah. Scholars generally have divided bid'ah into two types: innovations in worldly matters and innovations in religious matters.''Al-Qawaa'id wal-Usool al-Jaami'ah wal-Furooq wat-Taqaaseem al-Badee'ah an-Naafi'ah'' by Abd ar-Rahman ibn Naasir as-Sa'di Some have additionally divided bid'ah into lawful and unlawful innovations, the details of which are discussed below. Introducing and acting upon a bid'ah in religious matters is a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deviant (other)
{{disambiguation ...
Deviant most commonly refers to deviant behavior, particularly in relation to social norms. Deviant may also refer to: * Deviant (comics), a fictional race of humanoids in the Marvel Comics universe * ''Deviant'' (film), a short film by Benjamin Howard * Deviant logic, a class of non-classical logics * "Deviant" (''CSI: Miami'' episode) * A member of the DeviantArt online community Music * Deviant Records, an inactive trance music record label * ''Deviant'' (Pitchshifter album), 2000 * ''Deviant'' (Regurgitate album), 2003 See also * The Deviants (other) * Deviance (other) * Deviation (other) Deviation may refer to: Mathematics and engineering * Allowance (engineering), an engineering and machining allowance is a planned deviation between an actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or between an intermediate-stage dim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deviation (other)
Deviation may refer to: Mathematics and engineering * Allowance (engineering), an engineering and machining allowance is a planned deviation between an actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or between an intermediate-stage dimension and an intended final dimension. * Deviation (statistics), the difference between the value of an observation and the mean of the population in mathematics and statistics ** Standard deviation, which is based on the square of the difference ** Absolute deviation, where the absolute value of the difference is used ** Relative standard deviation, in probability theory and statistics is the absolute value of the coefficient of variation * Deviation of a local ring in mathematics * Deviation of a poset in mathematics * Frequency deviation, the maximum allowed "distance" in FM radio from the nominal frequency a station broadcasts at * Magnetic deviation, the error induced in compasses by local magnetic fields Albums * Deviation (Jayne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Discrepancy (other)
{{disambiguation ...
Discrepancy may refer to: Mathematics * Discrepancy of a sequence * Discrepancy theory in structural modelling * Discrepancy of hypergraphs, an area of discrepancy theory * Discrepancy (algebraic geometry) Statistics * Discrepancy function in the context of structural equation models * Deviance (statistics) * Deviation (statistics) * Divergence (statistics) See also * Deviance (other) * Deviation (other) Deviation may refer to: Mathematics and engineering * Allowance (engineering), an engineering and machining allowance is a planned deviation between an actual dimension and a nominal or theoretical dimension, or between an intermediate-stage dim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
