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Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)
The Democrat Party ( Turkish: ''Demokrat Parti'', DP for short) was a centre-right political party in Turkey, and the country's third legal opposition party, after the Liberal Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası) established by Ali Fethi Okyar in 1930, and the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi) established by Nuri Demirağ in 1945. Founded and led by Celâl Bayar and Adnan Menderes, it was the first of the opposition parties to rise to power, de-seating the Republican People's Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) during the national elections of 1950 and ending Turkey's one party era. The party ″facilitated the resurgence of Islam, especially at the popular level, in Turkey″. History The events and outcome of World War II played a large role in the emergence of the Democrat Party. A condemnation of fascism coincided with the defeat of the Axis Powers, and President İsmet İnönü realized that if he did not invite opposition against the CHP, Turkey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adnan Menderes
Adnan Menderes (; 1899 – 17 September 1961) was a Turkish politician who served as Prime Minister of Turkey between 1950 and 1960. He was one of the founders of the Democrat Party (DP) in 1946, the fourth legal opposition party of Turkey. He was tried and hanged under the military junta after the 1960 coup d'état, along with two other cabinet members, Fatin Rüştü Zorlu and Hasan Polatkan. One of the accusations brought against him was of him ordering the Istanbul pogrom against citizens of Greek ethnicity. He was the last Turkish political leader to be executed after a military coup and is also one of the four political leaders of the Turkish Republic (along with Kemal Atatürk, Süleyman Demirel and Turgut Özal) to have had a mausoleum built in his honour. Early life and career Adnan Menderes was born in 1899 in Koçarlı, Aydın Province, as a son of a wealthy landowner of Crimean Tatar origin. After primary school, Menderes attended the American College in İ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuri DemiraÄŸ
Nuri Demirağ (born 1886 in Divriği – died November 13, 1957 in Istanbul) was an early Turkish industrialist and politician, who was one of the first millionaires of the Turkish Republic. Biography His first enterprise was a cigarette paper factory which commenced production in 1922. Starting from the late 1920s, Demirağ began to invest his capital in the development of the Turkish railway network. Because of this investment, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk gave him the surname ''Demirağ'' (meaning "Iron web") when the Surname Law was put into effect in 1934. In 1936 he established an aircraft factory employing 500 people in Beşiktaş, Istanbul (later nationalized by the government and now occupied by the Istanbul Naval Museum). The production of the Nu D.36 two-seat trainer biplane, and Nu D.38 twin-engine high-wing light transport plane took place in this factory. In 1945 he founded the first opposition party, which was named ''Milli Kalkınma Partisi'' ( National Developme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand National Assembly Of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( tr, ), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament ( tr, or ''Parlamento''), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the National Campaign. This constitution had founded its pre-government known as 1st Executive Ministers of Turkey (Commitment Deputy Committee) in May 1920. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of '' Mareşal'' Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. Composition There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1950 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on 14 May 1950, using the multiple non-transferable vote electoral system.Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p238 The result was a landslide victory for the opposition Democrat Party, which won 416 of the 487 seats. Results References External links1950 Yılı Genel Seçimlerinde Partilerin Aldıkları Oylar ve OranlarıTBMM {{Turkish elections General elections in Turkey Turkey Turkey General A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ... Election and referendum articles with incomplete results ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1946 Turkish General Election
General elections were held in Turkey on 21 July 1946, the first multi-party elections in the country's history. The multiple non-transferable vote electoral system was used. The result was a victory for the Republican People's Party, which won 395 of the 465 seats. This election was held on the basis of open voting, secret counting and majority system, with the exception of judicial supervision (open vote, secret classification). Due to these irregularities, it has also been referred to as a "fraudulent election".Sina Akşin, ''Ana Çizgileriyle Türkiye'nin Yakın Tarihi'', İkinci Baskı, İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara, 1996, , s. 216. Results References {{Turkish elections General elections in Turkey Turkey Turkey General A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ... E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Motion With Four Signatures
Motion with four signatures ( tr, Dörtlü takrir) is an important milestone in the parliamentary history of Turkey. Background The Turkish Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923. However the Republican People's Party (CHP) was the only party in the parliament. Although two times an opposition party was founded (the Progressive Republican Party (Turkey), Progressive Republican Party of 1924 and the Liberal Republican Party (Turkey), Liberal Republican Party of 1930) both were short lived parties and the Independent Group (Turkey), Independent Group, an artificially formed opposition group in the CHP was ineffective. But towards the end of the Second World War, an intraparty opposition group was formed in CHP. The most notable member of this group was Celâl Bayar, a former prime minister.(1937-1939) Land reform Just after the Second World War the law draft submitted by the government about the land reform (titled "provision of land to farmers") caused a split in CHP. Some land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü
Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (December 5, 1890 – June 28, 1966), also known as Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad, was a highly influential Turkish sociologist, turkologist, scholar, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Turkey. A descendant of the illustrious noble Albanian Köprülü family, whose influence in shaping Ottoman history between 1656 and 1711 surpassed even that of the House of Osman, Fuat Köprülü was a key figure in the intersection of scholarship and politics in early 20th century Turkey. Early life Fuat Köprülü was born in the city of Istanbul in 1890 as Köprülüzade Mehmed Fuad. His paternal grandfather, Ahmet Ziya Bey, was the former ambassador to Bucharest, and Ahmet Ziya Bey was son of the former head of the Imperial Chancery of State (Divan-i Humayun Beylikcisi), Köprülüzade Arif Bey. Köprülüzade Arif Bey descended from the Köprülüs of the 17th century, an exceptional dynasty of Grand Viziers whose reforms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refik Koraltan
Refik Koraltan (1889 – June 17, 1974) was a Turkish politician, having served as the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) from May 22, 1950 to May 27, 1960. Biography Koraltan was born in DivriÄŸi, Sivas Province, in 1889, the son of Ali Bey, a local leading citizen. Although he was known as Refik Koraltan, the name on his birth record was Bekir Refik. After completing the primary and middle education in DivriÄŸi, Koraltan studied at Istanbul Mercan High School. He graduated from Istanbul Faculty of Law in 1914. Political career Koraltan entered public service as an assistant prosecutor and became the Attorney General of Karaman in 1915. He was assigned as police inspector on March 2, 1918 and charged as Chief of Police of Trabzon on May 29, 1918. During this duty, he facilitated the establishment of the "Society of Defence of the National Rights to counteract the Pontus Rum Organizations" that started to appear after the end of World War I. He was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Turkey
The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey. The president directs the executive branch of the government of Turkey, national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish Armed Forces, Turkish military. The president also heads the National Security Council (Turkey), National Security Council. The office of the president of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. The president of Turkey is referred to as ("Republic leader"), and previously archaically as or , also meaning "head of the republic/people". Insulting the Turkish president is prohibited by Article 299 (Turkish Penal Code), Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code, including founder Atatürk which has its own separate law. Traditionally, the presidency was most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent Group (Turkey)
Independent Group ( tr, Müstakil Grup) was an opposition group in the Turkish parliament between 1939-1946. Backgrounds After the Turkish Republic was proclaimed in 1923 by Atatürk and members of the Republican People's Party (CHP), the CHP became the ruling party up to 1950. This was a one-party regime. During this period two times an opposition party was founded; the Progressive Republican Party (TCF) in 1924 and the Liberal Republican Party (SCF) in 1930. But in both cases the opposition party was short-lived. The group After İsmet İnönü became the president in 1938 he proposed another system for opposition. Probably this was due to İsmet İnönü's desire to take part on the side of western countries and to show democratization efforts in domestic policy. During the general congress of CHP held on 29 May 1939, party by-law was amended to form an independent group within the parliament. According to the amendment, the chairman of the group was the president. But he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman of Kurdish descent, who served as the second President of Turkey from 11 November 1938 to 22 May 1950, and its Prime Minister three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. İnönü is acknowledged by many as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the Gallipoli campaign. In the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, he served as the first Chief of the General Staff ( tr, Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye Reis Vekili) from 1922 to 1924 for the regular Turkish army, during which he commanded the forces of the battles of First and Second İnönü. Mustafa Kemal bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, where the battles took place, when the 1934 Surname Law was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the Mudanya and Lausanne conferences for the Ankara government, successfully negotiating away the Sevre treaty for the Trea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Axis Powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were Nazi Germany, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The Axis were united in their opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion. The Axis grew out of successive diplomatic efforts by Germany, Italy, and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s. The first step was the protocol signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936, after which Italian leader Benito Mussolini declared that all other European countries would thereafter rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis, thus creating the term "Axis". The following November saw the ratification of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan; Italy joined the Pact in 1937, follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
