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Digest Access Authentication
Digest access authentication is one of the agreed-upon methods a web server can use to negotiate credentials, such as username or password, with a user's web browser. This can be used to confirm the identity of a user before sending sensitive information, such as online banking transaction history. It applies a hash function to the username and password before sending them over the network. In contrast, basic access authentication uses the easily reversible Base64 encoding instead of hashing, making it non-secure unless used in conjunction with TLS. Technically, digest authentication is an application of cryptographic hashing with usage of nonce values to prevent replay attacks. It uses the HTTP protocol. DIGEST-MD5 as a SASL mechanism specified by is obsolete since July 2011. Overview Digest access authentication was originally specified by (''An Extension to HTTP: Digest Access Authentication''). RFC 2069 specifies roughly a traditional digest authentication scheme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Web Server
A web server is computer software and underlying Computer hardware, hardware that accepts requests via Hypertext Transfer Protocol, HTTP (the network protocol created to distribute web content) or its secure variant HTTPS. A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a web page or other Web Resource, resource using HTTP, and the server (computing), server responds with the content of that resource or an List of HTTP status codes, error message. A web server can also accept and store resources sent from the user agent if configured to do so. The hardware used to run a web server can vary according to the volume of requests that it needs to handle. At the low end of the range are embedded systems, such as a router (computing), router that runs a small web server as its configuration interface. A high-traffic Internet website might handle requests with hundreds of servers that run on racks of high-speed computers. A reso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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One-way Function
In computer science, a one-way function is a function that is easy to compute on every input, but hard to invert given the image of a random input. Here, "easy" and "hard" are to be understood in the sense of computational complexity theory, specifically the theory of polynomial time problems. This has nothing to do with whether the function is one-to-one; finding any one input with the desired image is considered a successful inversion. (See , below.) The existence of such one-way functions is still an open conjecture. Their existence would prove that the complexity classes P and NP are not equal, thus resolving the foremost unsolved question of theoretical computer science.Oded Goldreich (2001). Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Toolsdraft availablefrom author's site). Cambridge University Press. . See als The converse is not known to be true, i.e. the existence of a proof that P ≠ NP would not directly imply the existence of one-way functions. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Phishing
Phishing is a form of social engineering and a scam where attackers deceive people into revealing sensitive information or installing malware such as viruses, worms, adware, or ransomware. Phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and often transparently mirror the site being targeted, allowing the attacker to observe everything while the victim navigates the site, and transverses any additional security boundaries with the victim. As of 2020, it is the most common type of cybercrime, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Internet Crime Complaint Center reporting more incidents of phishing than any other type of cybercrime. The term "phishing" was first recorded in 1995 in the cracking toolkit AOHell, but may have been used earlier in the hacker magazine '' 2600''. It is a variation of ''fishing'' and refers to the use of lures to "fish" for sensitive information. Measures to prevent or reduce the impact of phishing attacks include legislation, user educa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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JBoss
WildFly, formerly known as JBoss AS, or simply JBoss, is an application server written by JBoss, now developed by Red Hat. WildFly is written in Java and implements the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) specification. It runs on multiple platforms. WildFly is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1. Origin In 1999, Marc Fleury started a free software project named ''EJB-OSS'' (stands for ''Enterprise Java Bean Open Source Software'') implementing the EJB API from J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition). Sun Microsystems asked the project to stop using the trademarked ''EJB'' within its name. ''EJB-OSS'' was then renamed to ''JBOSS'', then ''JBoss'' later. On November 20, 2014, JBoss Application Server was renamed WildFly. The JBoss Community and other Red Hat JBoss products like JBoss Enterprise Application Platform were not renamed. Features Wildfly supports a number of features: * Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CRAM-MD5
In cryptography, CRAM-MD5 is a challenge–response authentication mechanism (CRAM) based on the HMAC-MD5 algorithm. As one of the mechanisms supported by the Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL), it is often used in email software as part of SMTP Authentication and for the authentication of POP and IMAP users, as well as in applications implementing LDAP, XMPP, BEEP, and other protocols. When such software requires authentication over unencrypted connections, CRAM-MD5 is preferred over mechanisms that transmit passwords "in the clear," such as ''LOGIN'' and ''PLAIN''. However, it can't prevent derivation of a password through a brute-force attack, so it is less effective than alternative mechanisms that avoid passwords or that use connections encrypted with Transport Layer Security (TLS). Protocol The CRAM-MD5 protocol involves a single challenge and response cycle, and is initiated by the server: # Challenge: The server sends a base64-encoded string to the client. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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International Association For Cryptologic Research
The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization that furthers research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference. Activities The IACR organizes and sponsors three annual flagship conferences, four area conferences in specific sub-areas of cryptography, and one symposium: * Crypto (flagship) * Eurocrypt (flagship) * Asiacrypt (flagship) * Fast Software Encryption (FSE) * Public Key Cryptography (PKC) * Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) * Theory of Cryptography (TCC) * Real World Crypto Symposium (RWC) Several other conferences and workshops are held in cooperation with the IACR. Starting in 2015, selected summer schools will be officially sponsored by the IACR. CRYPTO '83 was the first conference officially sponsored by the IACR. The IACR publishes the '' Journal of Cryptology'', in addition to the proceedings of its conference and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cryptography Research
Cryptography Research, Inc. is a San Francisco based cryptography company specializing in applied cryptographic engineering, including technologies for building tamper-resistant semiconductors. It was purchased on June 6, 2011, by Rambus for $342.5M. The company licenses patents for protecting cryptographic devices against power analysis attacks. The company's CryptoFirewall-brand ASIC cores are used in pay TV conditional access systems and anti-counterfeiting applications. CRI also developed BD+, a security component in the Blu-ray disc format, and played a role in the format war between HD DVD and Blu-ray. The company's services group assists with security testing, disaster recovery, and training. Cryptography Research protects its core operations from outside attack by maintaining a secured local network that is not connected to the Internet The Internet (or internet) is the Global network, global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Collision Attack
In cryptography, a collision attack on a cryptographic hash tries to find two inputs producing the same hash value, i.e. a hash collision. This is in contrast to a preimage attack where a specific target hash value is specified. There are roughly two types of collision attacks: ;Classical collision attack: Find two different messages ''m''1 and ''m''2 such that ''hash''(''m''1) = ''hash''(''m''2). More generally: ;Chosen-prefix collision attack: Given two different prefixes ''p''1 and ''p''2, find two suffixes ''s''1 and ''s''2 such that ''hash''(''p''1 ∥ ''s''1) = ''hash''(''p''2 ∥ ''s''2), where ∥ denotes the concatenation operation. Classical collision attack Much like symmetric-key ciphers are vulnerable to brute force attacks, every cryptographic hash function is inherently vulnerable to collisions using a birthday attack. Due to the birthday problem, these attacks are much faster than a brute force would be. A hash of ''n'' bits can be broken in 2''n''/2 time steps (e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Cryptography
Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and ''graphein'', "to write", or ''-logy, -logia'', "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of Adversary (cryptography), adversarial behavior. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing Communication protocol, protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others. Core concepts related to information security (confidentiality, data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, Smart card#EMV, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, password, computer passwords, and military communications. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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HMAC
In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it may be used to simultaneously verify both the data integrity and authenticity of a message. An HMAC is a type of keyed hash function that can also be used in a key derivation scheme or a key stretching scheme. HMAC can provide authentication using a shared secret instead of using digital signatures with asymmetric cryptography. It trades off the need for a complex public key infrastructure by delegating the key exchange to the communicating parties, who are responsible for establishing and using a trusted channel to agree on the key prior to communication. Details Any cryptographic hash function, such as SHA-2 or SHA-3, may be used in the calculation of an HMAC; the resulting MAC algori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in Meyrin, western suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises #Member states and budget, 24 member states. Israel, admitted in 2013, is the only full member geographically out of Europe. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observers#Intergovernmental organizations, United Nations General Assembly observer. The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2023, it had 2,666 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,370 users from institutions in more than 80 countries. In 2016, CERN generated 49 Byte#Multiple-byte units, petabytes of data. CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research – consequently, numer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Phillip Hallam-Baker
Phillip Hallam-Baker is a computer scientist, mostly known for contributions to Internet security, since the design of HTTP at CERN in 1992. Self-employed since 2018 as a consultant and expert witness in court cases, he previously worked at Comodo, Verisign, and the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. He is a frequent participant in IETF meetings and discussions, and has written a number of RFCs. He introduced the misspelling of referrer in the original proposal to incorporate the " Referer" header field into the HTTP specification. In 2007 he authored ''the dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime''; Ron Rivest Ronald Linn Rivest (; born May 6, 1947) is an American cryptographer and computer scientist whose work has spanned the fields of algorithms and combinatorics, cryptography, machine learning, and election integrity. He is an Institute Profess ... used it as a source of project ideas for his course on Computer and Network Security at MIT in 2013. Biogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |