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Controversial Discussions
The controversial discussions were a protracted series of meetings of the British Psychoanalytical Society which took place between October 1942 and February 1944 between the Viennese school and the supporters of Melanie Klein. They led to a tripartite division of training in the society after the war with the three groups of Kleinians, Anna Freudians, and the Middle (or later Independent) Group. In these sessions the differences between classical Freudian analysis and newer Kleinian theory were argued with considerable vehemence. The Freudian side was principally represented by Anna Freud, who was resistant to the revisions of theory and method proposed by Klein as a result of her work as an analyst of young children. The Klein Group included Susan Isaacs, Joan Riviere, Paula Heimann, and Roger Money-Kyrle. The Anna Freud Group included Kate Friedlander, and Willie Hoffer. The "Middle Group", who tried to apply a moderating force included Ella Freeman Sharpe, James Strachey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Psychoanalytical Society
The British Psychoanalytical Society was founded by the British neurologist Ernest Jones as the London Psychoanalytical Society on 30 October 1913. It is one of two organizations in Britain training psychoanalysts, the other being the British Psychoanalytic Association. The society has been home to a number of important psychoanalysts, including Wilfred Bion, Donald Winnicott, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein. Today it has over 400 members and is a member organisation of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Establishment and name Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud, and much of the early work on Psychoanalysis was carried out in Freud's home city of Vienna and in central europe. However, in the early 1900's Freud began to spread his theories throughout the English speaking world. Around this time he established a relationship with Ernest Jones, a British neurosurgeon who had read his work in German and met Freud at the inaugural Psychoanalytical Congress in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Strachey
James Beaumont Strachey (; 26 September 1887, London25 April 1967, High Wycombe) was a British psychoanalyst, and, with his wife Alix, a translator of Sigmund Freud into English. He is perhaps best known as the general editor of '' The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud'', "the international authority". Early life He was a son of Lt-Gen Sir Richard Strachey and Lady (Jane) Strachey, called the ''enfant miracle'' as his father was 70 and his mother 47. Some of his nieces and nephews, who were considerably older than James, called him ''Jembeau'' or ''Uncle Baby''. His parents had thirteen children, of whom ten lived to adulthood. He was educated at Hillbrow preparatory school in Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took over the rooms used by his older brother Lytton Strachey, and was known as "the Little Strachey"; Lytton was now "the Great Strachey". At Cambridge, Strachey fell deeply in love with the poet Rupert Brooke, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Rycroft
Charles Frederick Rycroft (; 9 September 1914 – 24 May 1998) was a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He studied medicine at University College London, and worked briefly as a psychiatrist for the Maudsley Hospital. For most of his career he had a private psychiatric practice in London. He was the author of a number of notable books, including ''A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis'' (1968), ''The Innocence of Dreams'' (1979) and ''Psychoanalysis and Beyond'' (1985). Background Early life Rycroft was the second eldest son of Sir Richard Rycroft 5th Baronet (1859–1925) (see Rycroft Baronets) and Emily Mary Lowry-Corry ( see 2nd Earl Belmore). He grew up in Dummer, Hampshire, where his family owned most of the village and his father was "the local representative of both Church and State". He had one elder brother, Henry Richard Rycroft DSC OBE RN (1911–1985), and two younger sisters: Alice Juliana Rosamond Rycroft (1915–2006) and Eleanor Mary Rycroft (1918–200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Training Analysis
A training analysis is a psychoanalysis undergone by a candidate (perhaps a physician with specialty in psychiatry or a psychologist) as a part of her/his training to be a psychoanalyst; the (senior) psychoanalyst who performs such an analysis is called a training analyst. For most of the psychoanalytical societies, a training analysis is different both from a psychoanalysis performed for the "therapeutic treatment of a patient" and from psychoanalytic psychotherapy. History The pioneers of psychoanalysis did not have training analyses - of the inner circle around Freud, Ernest Jones said jokingly that the first training analysis was a series of walks taken by Max Eitingon with Freud around the streets of Vienna! Freud himself credited the Zurich school around Jung with first raising the question of an analysis for budding psychoanalysts, but it was only after World War I that the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute led the way in mandating a training analysis of a year at least: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbara Low (psychoanalyst)
Barbara Low (29 July 1874 – 25 December 1955) was one of the first British psychoanalysts, and an early pioneer of analytic theory in England. Training and contributions Low was born in London and named Alice Leonora, the eleventh and last child of Therese ( Schacherl) and Maximillian Loewe, who moved to Britain following Loewe's part in the failed 1848 uprising in Hungary. Her family was Jewish. Her brothers, Sidney James Mark Low and Maurice Low, and her sister, Frances Helena Low, were journalists. Low attended the Frances Mary Buss School and graduated from University College London, before training as a teacher at the Maria Grey Training College. She later went to Berlin for analysis with Hanns Sachs, and became a founder member of the British Psychoanalytical Society. She remained active in the society, serving as librarian, and encouraging wider public involvement for the society during World War II. Having led the welcoming committee for Austrian analysts in 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Balint
, , image = Monte Verità Gedenktafel Michael Balint 1K4A4638-b.jpg , caption = , birth_name = Mihály Maurice Bergsmann , birth_date = , birth_place = Budapest , death_date = , death_place = London , occupation = psychoanalyst , education = , nationality = Hungarian, English , movement =Object relations theory , parents = , spouse = Alice Székely-Kovács (died 1939), Enid Flora Eichholz 1958-his death , children = Dr. John A. Balint (1925-2016) Michael Balint ( hu, Bálint Mihály, ; 3 December 1896, in Budapest – 31 December 1970, in London) was a Hungarian psychoanalyst who spent most of his adult life in England. He was a proponent of the Object Relations school. Life Balint was born Mihály Maurice Bergsmann, the son of a practising physician in Budapest. It was against his father's will that he changed his name to Bálint Mihály. He also changed religion, from Judaism to Unitarian Christianity. During World War ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marjorie Brierley
Marjorie Flowers Brierley (24 March 1893 - 21 April 1984) was a pioneer of psychoanalysis in Britain, and helped chair the Controversial discussions of 1942 which shaped the subsequent history of the British Psychoanalytical Society. Biography Marjorie Flowers Ellis was born in London Borough of Lewisham. She completed a 1st class honours degree in psychology at the University College London in 1921, and went on to obtain medical qualifications in 1928. She married William Broadhurst Brierley in 1922. Training and contributions Brierley began her affiliation with the British Psychoanalytical Society in 1927. She went through a double training analysis of four years from 1927 onwards. She became a Full Member of the British Psychoanalytical Society in 1930 and a Training and Supervising Analyst in 1933. She retired from practice in 1944. Significant among the eleven papers Brierley published between 1932 and 1947, were her contributions on female gender and early development ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Winnicott
Donald Woods Winnicott (7 April 1896 – 25 January 1971) was an English paediatrician and psychoanalyst who was especially influential in the field of object relations theory and developmental psychology. He was a leading member of the British Independent Group of the British Psychoanalytical Society, President of the British Psychoanalytical Society twice (1956–1959 and 1965–1968), and a close associate of Marion Milner. Winnicott is best known for his ideas on the true self and false self, the "good enough" parent, and borrowed from his second wife, Clare Winnicott, arguably his chief professional collaborator, the notion of the transitional object. He wrote several books, including ''Playing and Reality'', and over 200 papers. Early life and education Winnicott was born on 7 April 1896 in Plymouth, Devon, to Sir John Frederick Winnicott and Elizabeth Martha, daughter of chemist and druggist William Woods, of Plymouth. Sir John Winnicott was a partner in the family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sylvia Payne
Sylvia May Payne (née Moore; 6 November 1880 – 30 May 1976) was one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis in the United Kingdom. Early life Born as Sylvia May Moore in Marylebone, London, the daughter of Rev. Edward William Moore and his wife Letitia. Her father was incumbent of Brunswick Chapel and an adherent of the Higher Life movement, being one of the founders of the Keswick Convention. The family later lived at Wimbledon. Moore was educated at Wimbledon High School, Westfield College ( University of London) and the London School of Medicine for Women – later the Royal Free Hospital. She qualified in 1906 and held house appointments at the Royal Free Hospital until her marriage in 1908. During the First World War, Payne became commandant and medical officer in Torquay at the Red Cross Hospital for wounded soldiers. In the 1918 Birthday Honours, she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for her work. Psychoanalytic career Payne developed an intere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ella Freeman Sharpe
Ella Freeman Sharpe (1875–1947) was a leading figure in the early development of psychoanalysis in Britain, and was among the most influential of the first British training analysts.Mary Jacobus, ''The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein'' (London 2005) p. 4n Life Sharpe taught at the Hucknall Pupil Teachers Training College 1904-16, before moving to London to undertake analysis with Edward Glover's brother James. In 1923 she became a member of the British Psycho-Analytical Society, and had a second analysis, postwar, with Hanns Sachs. In the twenties Sharpe, like most of the London analysts, supported the more experienced work of Melanie Klein against the newcomer Anna Freud, and she continued to show Kleinian influence into the early thirties. By the time of the controversial discussions, however, Sharpe had taken a more nuanced attitude to Kleinianism, which saw her increasingly aligned with the Middle Group of British psychoanalysts, seeing Kleinianism as m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein (née Reizes; 30 March 1882 – 22 September 1960) was an Austrian-British author and psychoanalyst known for her work in child analysis. She was the primary figure in the development of object relations theory. Klein suggested that pre-verbal existential anxiety in infancy catalyzed the formation of the unconscious, resulting in the unconscious splitting of the world into good and bad idealizations. In her theory, how the child resolves that split depends on the constitution of the child and the character of nurturing the child experiences; the quality of resolution can inform the presence, absence, and/or type of distresses a person experiences later in life. Life Melanie Klein was born into a Jewish family and spent most of her early life in Vienna. She was the fourth and final child of parents Moriz, a doctor, and Libussa Reizes. Educated at the Gymnasium, Klein planned to study medicine. Her family's loss of wealth caused her to change her plans. At the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kate Friedlander
Kate Friedlander (born Käte Frankl; also Käte Misch-Frankl or Kate Friedländer-Frankl; 1902–1949) was a pioneering female psychoanalyst, who left Germany for England in 1933, and became a member of the British Psychoanalytical Society. Training and contributions Analysed by Hanns Sachs, Friedlander placed herself squarely in the tradition of psychoanalysis represented by Anna Freud, and encouraged her in establishing the Hampstead Clinic for child therapy, as well as working herself in parallel outreach institutions. Among her theoretical contributions were an exploration of libidinal elements in the wish to die - the Death drive - and an examination of female masochism through the figure of Charlotte Brontë. She also wrote on the link between crime, and defects in the development of ego/superego. Family She was the mother of philosopher Sybil Wolfram (born Sybille Misch). The scientist and entrepreneur Stephen Wolfram and technologist Conrad Wolfram are her grandchildr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
