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Commission V Italy (2009)
''Commission v Italy'' (2009) C-110/05 is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union. This case is commonly referred to as Italian Trailers''', and is predominantly known for establishing the 'market access test'. Facts Italian law prohibited motorcycles and mopeds from pulling trailers (that is, it regulated the use of a product). It applied without regard to the origin of the trailers, but it only affected imported goods in fact. Italian manufacturers did not make such trailers to be towed by motorcycles. The Commission challenged the Italian law as being contrary to TFEU article 34. Judgment Advocate General Bot AG Bot argued that this should be considered a measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction on trade, that required justification. Court of Justice Court of Justice held that a measure hindering market access would be considered a measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction on trade, but that it could be justified on the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ, french: Cour de Justice européenne), formally just the Court of Justice, is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Court was established in 1952, and is based in Luxembourg. It is composed of one judge per member state – currently – although it normally hears cases in panels of three, five or fifteen judges. The Court has been led by president Koen Lenaerts since 2015. The ECJ is the highest court of the European Union in matters of Union law, but not national law. It is not possible to appeal against the decisions of national courts in the ECJ, but rather national courts refer questions of EU law to the ECJ. However, it is ultimately for the national c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keck And Mithouard
''Reference for a Preliminary Ruling in the Criminal Proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard'' (1993) C-267/91 is an EU law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its val ... case, concerning the conflict of law between a national legal system and European Union law. The Court found that "selling arrangements" did not constitute a measure having equivalent effect to a quantitative restriction on trade between Member States of the European Community, as it was then. As a result, the 'discrimination test' was introduced to identify such selling arrangements. Keck and Mithouard were prosecuted in France under anti-dumping retail laws for selling Picon liqueur at below cost price. The Court distinguished the case from its earlier jurisprudence on the content or character ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trailers
Trailer may refer to: a Transportation * Trailer (vehicle), an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle ** Bicycle trailer, a wheeled frame for hitching to a bicycle to tow cargo or passengers ** Full-trailer ** Semi-trailer **Horse trailer and other trailers designed to haul livestock **Travel trailer, or caravan, a type of recreational trailer designed to provide sleeping space ** Boat trailer to carry small boats ** Baggage trailer, a large baggage trolley * Semi-trailer truck Shelter * Mobile home, a relocatable housing unit with wheels and hitch * Portable classroom, a temporary classroom for schools with insufficient building capacity - not technically a trailer due to lack of wheels or hitch. This temporary shelter can be relocated with a trailer, but by definition the structure itself is not a trailer. * Construction trailer, relocatable temporary accommodation with wheels and hitch used for offices and building materials storage on construction sites Comput ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2009 In Case Law
9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding . Evolution of the Arabic digit In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a -look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase ''a''. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic. While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in . The mod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union Goods Case Law
European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to: In general * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe ** Ethnic groups in Europe ** Demographics of Europe ** European cuisine, the cuisines of Europe and other Western countries * ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to the European Union ** Citizenship of the European Union ** Demographics of the European Union In publishing *The European (1953 magazine), ''The European'' (1953 magazine), a far-right cultural and political magazine published 1953–1959 *The European (newspaper), ''The European'' (newspaper), a British weekly newspaper published 1990–1998 *The European (2009 magazine), ''The European'' (2009 magazine), a German magazine first published in September 2009 *''The European Magazine'', a magazine published in London 1782–1826 *''The New European'', a British weekly pop-up newspaper first published in July 2016 Other uses * * Europeans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union Law
European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU). Since the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community following World War II, the EU has developed the aim to "promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples". The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend nation states for the purpose of cooperation and human development. According to its Court of Justice the EU represents "a new legal order of international law".''Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen'' (1963Case 26/62/ref> The EU's legal foundations are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, currently unanimously agreed on by the governments of 27 member states. New members may join if they agree to follow the rules of the union, and existing states may leave according to their "own constitutional requirements".TEart 50 On the most sophisticated di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission V Netherlands
Commission or commissioning may refer to: Business and contracting * Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered ** Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another * A contract for performance or creation of a specific work * Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture: ** Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction ** Project commissioning, a process of assuring that all components of a facility are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the requirements of the owner or client Government Civil * A government agency, regulatory agency or statutory authority which operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, including: ** Independent agencies of the United States government *An executive branch of government, often with characteristics of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission V Finland
Commission or commissioning may refer to: Business and contracting * Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered ** Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another * A contract for performance or creation of a specific work * Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture: ** Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction ** Project commissioning, a process of assuring that all components of a facility are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the requirements of the owner or client Government Civil * A government agency, regulatory agency or statutory authority which operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, including: ** Independent agencies of the United States government *An executive branch of government, often with characteristics of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission V Italy (2004)
''Commission v Italy'' may refer to: *In '' Commission v Italy (1968)'', Italy was not allowed to tax the export of art treasures. This case was important because it helped define the meaning of the word "goods" under European Law. *In '' Commission v Italy (1972)'', Italy failed to enforce EU Dairy Regulations on time. *In '' Commission v Italy (2003)'', Italy had wrongly limited the use of the word "chocolate" to products without vegetable fat. *In ''Commission v Italy (2009) ''Commission v Italy'' (2009) C-110/05 is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union. This case is commonly referred to as Italian Trailers, and is predominantly known for establishing the 'market access test ...'', Italy wrongly banned motorcycles and mopeds from pulling trailers, which affected imported goods because Italian manufacturers didn't make such goods. *In '' Commission v Italy (2011)'', Italy could not require lawyers to abide by maximum tariffs, unless the cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission V Italy (2003)
''Commission v Italy'' (2003C-14/00is an EU law case, concerning the free movement of goods in the European Union. Facts An Italian rule limited the name ‘chocolate’ to products without vegetable fats. Those with vegetable fats, mainly British, Irish, and Danish chocolate, were made to label themselves ‘chocolate substitutes’. The Commission argued this breached Directive 73/241, passed under what is now article 115 TFEU, where article 1 said cocoa and chocolate products mean those in Annex 1, within minimum cocoa content to be described as chocolate. It also argued it infringed TFEU article 34, as the word ‘substitute’ devalued the good. Italy, under point 7(a) of the Annex said the free movement clause only applied to products without vegetable fats. Judgment The Court of Justice held that the requirement was contrary to article 34. Under the Directive, the UK, Ireland, Denmark could authorise manufacturers to add vegetable fats to chocolate made there, but it coul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commission V Portugal
''Commission v Portugal'' (2010C-171/08is an EU law case, relevant for UK enterprise law, concerning European company law. Following a trend in cases such as ''Commission v United Kingdom'', and ''Commission v Netherlands'',''Commission v Netherlands'' (2006C‑282/04and seAG Maduro's Opinion/ref> it struck down public oversight, through golden shares of Portuguese telecommunications companies. Facts In January 2008, the European Commission referred Portugal to the European Court of Justice because it considered that the special rights conferred on the State by its golden shares in Portugal Telecom (PT) discouraged investment from other Member States in violation of the EC Treaty. Judgment The Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) (french: Cour de justice de l'Union européenne or "''CJUE''"; Latin: Curia) is the judicial branch of the European Union (EU). Seated in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Behaviour
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment. These systems can include other systems or organisms as well as the inanimate physical environment. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Taking a behavior informatics perspective, a behavior consists of actor, operation, interactions, and their properties. This can be represented as a behavior vector. Models Biology Although disagreement exists as to how to precisely define behavior in a biological context, one common interpretation based on a meta-analysis of scientific literature states that "behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
