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Squatters
Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building (usually residential) that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there were one billion slum residents and squatters globally. Squatting is practiced worldwide, typically when people find empty buildings or land to occupy for housing. In developing countries and least developed countries, shanty towns often begin as squatted settlements. In African cities such as Lagos, much of the population lives in slums. There are pavement dwellers in India and in Hong Kong as well as rooftop slums. Informal settlements in Latin America are known by names such as villa miseria (Argentina), pueblos jóvenes (Peru) and asentamientos irregulares (Guatemala, Uruguay). In Brazil, there are favelas in the major cities and rural land-based movements. In industrialized countries, there are often residential squats and also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squatting In England And Wales
In England and Wales,1 squatting the occupation of property without the owner's permission has been progressively criminalised since the 1970s. The relative toleration accorded by a common law tradition in which the practice was unlawful but not criminal, was eroded in the wake of a wave of squatting that in the '70s crested in London. At the end of that decade, there were estimated to be 50,000 squatters in England and Wales, with 30,000 in the capital. Squatters typically occupied local council owned housing which had lain empty awaiting demolition and redevelopment. Having a statutory duty under the National Assistance Act 1948, 1948 National Assistance Act to house homeless persons, councils were at times willing to tolerate these occupations on a temporary, licensed, basis. On rarer occasions, squatters were able to persuade the authorities to recognise them as a housing association or Housing cooperative, cooperative with a legitimate claim to permanent accommodation. Ther ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squatting In The United States
In the United States, squatting occurs when a person enters land that does not belong to them without lawful permission and proceeds to act in the manner of an owner. Historically, squatting occurred during the settlement of the Midwestern United States, Midwest when Colonial history of the United States, colonial European settlers established land rights and during the California Gold Rush. There was squatting during the Great Depression in Hoovervilles and also during World War II. Shanty towns returned to the US after the Great Recession (2007–2009) and in the 2010s, there were increasing numbers of people occupying foreclosure, foreclosed homes using fraudulent documents. In some cases, a squatter may be able to obtain ownership of property through adverse possession. Various community groups have used squatting as a tactic both to call for improved housing and to house the homeless. The Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) made a national campaign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squatting In The Netherlands
Squatting in the Netherlands (Dutch language, Dutch: kraken) is the occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. The modern squatters movement (Dutch language, Dutch: kraakbeweging) began in the 1960s in the Netherlands. By the 1980s, it had become a powerful Anarchism, anarchist social movement which regularly came into conflict with the state, particularly in Amsterdam with the Vondelstraat riots, Vondelstraat and Amsterdam coronation riots, coronation riots. Some squats in cities have successfully legalised into still extant social centres and housing cooperatives such as ACU (Utrecht), ACU in Utrecht, the Grote Broek in Nijmegen, the Landbouwbelang in Maastricht, ORKZ in Groningen, the Poortgebouw in Rotterdam and Vrankrijk in Amsterdam. There have also been squats in the countryside such as Fort Pannerden and the Ruigoord village. Squatting was Dutch squatting ban, criminalised in October 2010. Between then and November 2014, 529 pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Athens Refugee Squats
Athens refugee squats exist since the 2015 spike in the European migrant crisis. Greece has been a destination for migrants seeking refuge on the European continent via the " Balkan Route." Coalitions of solidarity groups and migrants have established squats throughout Athens (mostly in Exarcheia) to house refugees, demonstrating an alternative to solutions offered by the European Union and NGOs. The squats are grouped together in the Coordination of Refugee Squats. Notable projects included 5th School and City Plaza. In late 2019, the New Democracy party declared it would evict all the squats. Background After the 2008 financial crisis, the Greek government-debt crisis prompted the European Troika to implement austerity policies in the form of three distinct memoranda, despite public protest. Widespread poverty and unemployment led to unstable political conditions, and high percentages of housing and storefronts sat unoccupied. Emerging as an alternative to and critique of EU ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Squatting In Spain
Squatting in Spain refers to the squatting, occupation of unused or derelict buildings or land without the permission of the owner. In Francoist Spain migrant workers lived in slums on the periphery of cities. During the Spanish transition to democracy, residential squatting occurred in Spanish cities such as Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Valencia and Zaragoza. From the 1980s onwards a new generation of squatters set up self-managed social centres which hosted events and campaigns. The 1995 Criminal Code (Spain), Criminal Code among other things criminalised squatting, but failed to stop it. Social centres exist across the country and in Barcelona and Madrid in particular. In the Basque Country (greater region), Basque Country they are known as . Overview Francoist Spain ended with the death of Francisco Franco in 1975. In the following year, the numbers of people striking increased from 500,000 to over 5 million and social movements blossomed. During the Spanish transition to democra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shanty Towns
A shanty town, squatter area, squatter settlement, or squatter camp is a settlement of improvised buildings known as shanties or shacks, typically made of materials such as mud and wood, or from cheap building materials such as corrugated iron sheets. A typical shanty town is squatted and, at least initially, lacks adequate infrastructure, including proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity and street drainage. Over time, shanty towns may develop their infrastructure and even change into middle class neighbourhoods. They can be small informal settlements or they can house millions of people. First used in North America to designate a shack, the term ''shanty'' is likely derived from French ''chantier'' (construction site and associated low-level workers' quarters), or alternatively from Scottish Gaelic ''sean'' () meaning 'old' and ''taigh'' () meaning 'house old. Globally, some of the largest shanty towns are Ciudad Neza in Mexico, Orangi in Pakistan and Dharavi in I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Self-managed Social Centers In Italy
Self-managed social centres in Italy exist in many cities. They are part of different left-wing political networks including anarchist, communist, socialist, and autonomist. The Self-managed social center, centres () tend to be squatted and provide self-organised, self-financing spaces for alternative and noncommercial activities such as concerts, exhibitions, farmers' markets, infoshops, and migrant initiatives. Over time, some but not all projects have opted to legalize their status. History Self-managed social center, Self-managed social centres were first occupied in the mid-1970s in cities such as Milan by groups of young people, both students and unemployed. The social centres in Milan were used for diverse activities such as concerts, films, yoga classes, discussion groups and counselling for drug addicts. They often affiliated themselves with Autonomia Operaia (Workers' Autonomy) and suffered when social movements were repressed following the Years of Lead (Italy), Yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Villa Miseria
''Villa miseria'' (), ''villa de emergencia'' or simply ''villa'', is the informal term used in Argentina for shanty town slums. Name The term is a noun phrase made up of the Spanish words ''villa'' (''village'', ''small town'') and ''miseria'' (''misery'', ''destitution''). The concept was first articulated in an October 1933 article titled "La VILLA de la MISERIA dentro de la CIUDAD MARAVILLOSA" (the ''villa'' of misery in the marvellous city) by Carlos Sibellino, and picked up in the title of Bernardo Verbitsky's 1957 novel ''Villa Miseria también es América'' ("Villa Miseria is also part ofAmerica"). Other terms used are ''asentamiento'' ("settlement") and ''villa de emergencia'' ("emergency village"), the latter being the original name. These names are not popular with residents; shanty towns have come to be called, euphemistically, ''barrios populares'' ("popular neighbourhoods"). In most parts of Argentina, the non-modified word ''villa'' usually refers to a ''villa mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pueblos Jóvenes
''Pueblos jóvenes'' (, ) is the term used for the shanty towns that surround Lima and other cities of Peru. Many of these towns have developed into districts of Lima such as Comas, Los Olivos and Villa El Salvador. Population Pueblos jóvenes were estimated to have over one million inhabitants in 1974. They were built on hillsides or beside rivers. By 2008, it was estimated that tens of millions of Peruvians were squatting land. Areas include Comas District, Los Olivos District and Villa El Salvador in Lima. The shanty town of Medalla Milagrosa is composed of migrants from all over Peru. Others are populated by Black, Amerindian, and mestizo campesinos who since the 1940s have migrated in great waves from Peru's countryside in search of economic opportunity, turning Lima into the fourth-largest city in America. Like many other rapidly industrializing cities, Lima's job market has largely been unable to keep up with this influx of people, forcing many to accept any housing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rooftop Slum
Rooftop slum () or penthouse slum generally refers to illegal housing on the rooftops of apartment buildings. In Hong Kong, some people are unable to afford traditional apartments and are forced to wait years for affordable public housing. They therefore live in squatted shacks on top of buildings. According to the Hong Kong population census, there were 47,091 rooftop dwellers in 2011 and this number is likely to have dropped as working class areas are redeveloped. Context A housing crisis developed in the 1950s and 1960s when a large number of refugees left mainland China and moved to Hong Kong, creating a large, unmet demand for affordable housing options and squatting in shanty towns or rooftop slums. The census of 1971 reported 27,000 people living in rooftop dwellings. In 1956, the estimated squatter population of Hong Kong was 450,000. Hong Kong is now one of the most densely populated places in the world. Between 2009 and 2014, residential property prices doubled. Roof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Informal Settlements
Informal housing or informal settlement can include any form of housing, shelter, or settlement (or lack thereof) which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state. As such, the informal housing industry is part of the informal sector. To have informal housing status is to exist in "a state of deregulation, one where the ownership, use, and purpose of land cannot be fixed and mapped according to any prescribed set of regulations or the law". While there is no global unified law of property-ownership, the informal occupant or community will typically lack security of tenure and, with this, ready or reliable access to civic amenities (potable water, electricity and gas supply, road creation and maintenance, emergency services, sanitation and waste collection). Due to the informal nature of occupancy, the state will typically be unable to extract rent or land taxes. The term "informal housing" is useful in capturing t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialist
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
