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Runway Safety
Runway safety is concerned with reducing harm that could occur on an aircraft runway. Safety means avoiding incorrect presence (Runway incursion, incursion) of aircraft, inappropriate exits (Runway excursion, excursion) and use of the wrong runway due to confusion. The runway condition is a runway's current status due to meteorological conditions and air safety. Definitions of runway accidents Several terms fall under the flight safety topic of runway safety, including incursion, excursion, and confusion. Runway incursion Runway incursion involves an aircraft, and a second aircraft, vehicle, or person. It is defined by ICAO and the U.S. FAA as "Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft."FAA Runway Safety ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runway
In aviation, a runway is an elongated, rectangular surface designed for the landing and takeoff of an aircraft. Runways may be a human-made surface (often asphalt concrete, asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (sod, grass, soil, dirt, gravel, ice, sand or road salt, salt). Runways, taxiways and Airport apron, ramps, are sometimes referred to as "tarmac", though very few runways are built using Tarmacadam, tarmac. Takeoff and landing areas defined on the surface of water for seaplanes are generally referred to as waterways. Runway lengths are now International Civil Aviation Organization#Use of the International System of Units, commonly given in meters worldwide, except in North America where feet are commonly used. History In 1916, in a World War I war effort context, the first concrete-paved runway was built in Clermont-Ferrand in France, allowing local company Michelin to manufacture Bréguet Aviation military aircraft. In January 1919, aviation p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thrust Vectoring
Thrust vectoring, also known as thrust vector control (TVC), is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to Aircraft flight control system, control the Spacecraft attitude control, attitude or angular velocity of the vehicle. In rocketry and ballistic missiles that fly outside the atmosphere, aerodynamic Flight control surfaces, control surfaces are ineffective, so thrust vectoring is the primary means of Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft), attitude control. Exhaust vanes and Gimbaled thrust, gimbaled engines were used in the 1930s by Robert H. Goddard, Robert Goddard. For aircraft, the method was originally envisaged to provide upward vertical thrust as a means to give aircraft vertical (VTOL) or short (STOL) takeoff and landing ability. Subsequently, it was realized that using vectored thrust in combat situations enabled aircraft to perform various maneuvers not available to conventional-en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aviation Safety
Aviation safety is the study and practice of managing risks in aviation. This includes preventing aviation accidents and incidents through research, educating air travel personnel, passengers and the general public, as well as the design of aircraft and aviation infrastructure. The aviation industry is subject to significant regulations and oversight. Aviation security is focused on protecting air travelers, aircraft and infrastructure from intentional harm or disruption, rather than unintentional mishaps. Statistics Evolution Aviation is safer today than it has ever been. Modern commercial aviation boasts an accident rate of approximately 1 fatal accident per 16 million flights, far lower than historic numbers. On December 14, 1903, the Wright Brothers conducted a test flight of their powered airplane from the slope of Big Kill Devil Hill in North Carolina. Upon takeoff, the airplane lifted about 15 feet off the ground, stalled, and crashed into the sand. Only three da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runway Safety
Runway safety is concerned with reducing harm that could occur on an aircraft runway. Safety means avoiding incorrect presence (Runway incursion, incursion) of aircraft, inappropriate exits (Runway excursion, excursion) and use of the wrong runway due to confusion. The runway condition is a runway's current status due to meteorological conditions and air safety. Definitions of runway accidents Several terms fall under the flight safety topic of runway safety, including incursion, excursion, and confusion. Runway incursion Runway incursion involves an aircraft, and a second aircraft, vehicle, or person. It is defined by ICAO and the U.S. FAA as "Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft."FAA Runway Safety ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Runway Safety Area
A runway safety area (RSA) or runway end safety area (RESA, if at the end of the runway) is defined as "the surface surrounding the runway prepared or suitable for reducing the risk of damage to airplanes in the event of an undershoot, overshoot, or runway excursion, excursion from the runway." Past standards called for the RSA to extend only 60m (200 feet) from the ends of the runway. Currently, the international standard ICAO requires a 90m (300 feet) RESA starting from the end of the runway strip (which itself is 60m from the end of the runway), and recommends but not requires a 240m RESA beyond that. In the U.S., the recommended RSA may extend to in width, and beyond each runway end (according to U.S. Federal Aviation Administration recommendations; 1000 feet is equivalent to the international ICAO-RESA of 240m plus 60m strip). The standard dimensions have increased over time to accommodate larger and faster aircraft, and to improve safety. Historical development In the ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Index Of Aviation Articles
Aviation is the design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-than-air aircraft. Articles related to aviation include: A Aviation accidents and incidents – Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL) – ADF – Accessory drive – Advance airfield – Advanced air mobility – Advanced technology engine – Adverse yaw – Aerial ramming – Aerial reconnaissance – Aerobatics – Aerodrome – Aerodrome mapping database (AMDB) – Aerodynamics – Aerofoil – Aerodrome beacon – Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) – Aeronautical chart – Aeronautical Message Handling System – Aeronautical phraseology – Aeronautics – Aeronaval – Aerospace – Aerospace engineering – Afterburner – Agile Combat Employment (ACE) – Aileron – Air charter – Air defense identification zone (ADIZ) – Air freight terminal – Air traffic flow management – Air-augmented rocket – Airband – Airbase (AFB) – Airborne colli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takeoff And Landing Performance Assessment
Takeoff and Landing Performance Assessment (TALPA) is a method used by airport operators to determine runway conditions for takeoff and landing. It produces a Field Condition report that allows pilots to assess braking action when the runway is not dry. TALPA assessment generates a Runway Condition Code (RWYCC) ranging from 6 to 0, where 6 indicates a dry runway and 0 signifies nil conditions, meaning braking action is minimal to non-existent. Separate runway condition codes are published for each third of a runway, and pilots use a Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM) to calculate their aircraft performance. TALPA was introduced by the United States Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) in 2016. The TALPA matrix was later superseded by the ICAO The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of interna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Airport Surveillance And Broadcast Systems
Airport surveillance and broadcast systems are a set of runway-safety tools that display aircraft on and near an airport. The United States National Transportation Safety Board recommends installation at all major airports as soon as possible, as the technology prevents collisions. Airport Movement Area Safety System The Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) visually and aurally prompts tower controllers to respond to situations which potentially compromise safety. AMASS is an add-on enhancement to the host Airport Surface Detection Equipment Model 3 (ASDE-3) radar that provides automated aural alerts to potential runway incursions and other hazards. AMASS extends the capability of the ASDE-3 and enhances surface movement safety. The system operates with ground and approach sensor systems to ascertain aircraft locations in approaching and ground movement situations. It uses airport radars, state-of-the-art signal processing, and advanced computer technology to improve airpo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transponder Landing System
A transponder landing system (TLS) is an all-weather, precision landing system that uses existing airborne Transponder (aviation), transponder and instrument landing system (ILS) equipment to create a precision approach at a location where an ILS would normally not be available. Description Conventional Instrument landing system, ILS systems broadcast using a number of "single purpose" antennas. The localizer array consists of 8 to 14 or more antenna elements and is typically located 2000+ feet from the runway approach threshold, which is often beyond the departure end of the runway and provides a fan-shaped signal for azimuth direction (side to side). The other antenna array is located beside the runway and provides elevation to indicate a standard glideslope. This complex set of antennas is expensive to install and maintain and is often difficult to site in areas with uneven terrain or obstacles that could interfere with its guidance signals. Function The TLS facility ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microwave Landing System
The microwave landing system (MLS) is an all-weather, precision radio guidance system intended to be installed at large airports to assist aircraft in landing, including 'blind landings'. MLS enables an approaching aircraft to determine when it is aligned with the destination runway and on the correct glidepath for a safe landing. MLS was intended to replace or supplement the instrument landing systems (ILS). MLS has a number of operational advantages over ILS, including a wider selection of channels to avoid interference with nearby installations, excellent performance in all weather, a small "footprint" at the airports, and wide vertical and horizontal "capture" angles that allowed approaches from wider areas around the airport. Although some MLS systems became operational in the 1990s, the widespread deployment envisioned by some aviation agencies never became a reality. There were two reasons: (economic) while technically superior to ILS, MLS did not offer sufficiently grea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LLWAS
A low-level windshear alert system (LLWAS) measures average surface wind speed and direction using a network of remote sensor stations, situated near runways and along approach or departure corridors at an airport. Wind shear is the generic term for wind differences over an operationally short distance (in relation to flight) which encompass meteorological phenomena including gust fronts, microbursts, vertical shear, and derechos. Background LLWAS compares results over its operating area to determine whether calm, steady winds, wind shifts (in relation to runways), wind gusts, divergent winds, sustained divergent winds (indicative of shear), or strong and sustained divergent winds (indicative of microbursts) are observed. A LLWAS master station polls each remote station every system cycle (nominally every ten seconds) and provides prevailing airport wind averages, runway specific winds, gusts, may set new wind shear alerts or microburst alerts and reset countdown timers of elaps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
