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Josephson Effect
In physics, the Josephson effect is a phenomenon that occurs when two superconductors are placed in proximity, with some barrier or restriction between them. The effect is named after the British physicist Brian Josephson, who predicted in 1962 the mathematical relationships for the current and voltage across the weak link. :Also in It is an example of a macroscopic quantum phenomenon, where the effects of quantum mechanics are observable at ordinary, rather than atomic, scale. The Josephson effect has many practical applications because it exhibits a precise relationship between different physical measures, such as voltage and frequency, facilitating highly accurate measurements. The Josephson effect produces a current, known as a supercurrent, that flows continuously without any voltage applied, across a device known as a Josephson junction (JJ). These consist of two or more superconductors coupled by a weak link. The weak link can be a thin insulating barrier (known as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip W
Philip, also Phillip, is a male name derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularized the name include kings of Macedonia and one of the apostles of early Christianity. ''Philip'' has many alternative spellings. One derivation often used as a surname is Phillips. The original Greek spelling includes two Ps as seen in Philippides and Philippos, which is possible due to the Greek endings following the two Ps. To end a word with such a double consonant—in Greek or in English—would, however, be incorrect. It has many diminutive (or even hypocoristic) forms including Phil, Philly, Phillie, Lip, and Pip. There are also feminine forms such as Philippine and Philippa. Philip in other languages * Afrikaans: Filip * Albanian: Filip * Amharic: ፊሊጶስ (Filip'os) * Arabic: فيلبس (Fīlibus), فيليبوس (Fīlīb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pi Josephson Junction
A Josephson junction (JJ) is a quantum mechanical device which is made of two superconducting electrodes separated by a barrier (thin insulating tunnel barrier, normal metal, semiconductor, ferromagnet, etc.). A Josephson junction is a Josephson junction in which the Josephson phase ''φ'' equals in the ground state, i.e. when no external current or magnetic field is applied. Background The supercurrent ''I''''s'' through a Josephson junction is generally given by ''I''''s'' = ''I''''c''sin(''φ''), where φ is the phase difference of the superconducting wave functions of the two electrodes, i.e. the Josephson phase. The critical current ''I''''c'' is the maximum supercurrent that can exist through the Josephson junction. In experiment, one usually causes some current through the Josephson junction and the junction reacts by changing the Josephson phase. From the above formula it is clear that the phase ''φ'' = arcsin(''I''/''I''''c''), where ''I'' is the applied (super)cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phi Josephson Junction
A φ Josephson junction (pronounced ''phi Josephson junction'') is a particular type of the Josephson junction, which has a non-zero Josephson phase φ across it in the ground state. A π Josephson junction, which has the minimum energy corresponding to the phase of π, is a specific example of it. Introduction The Josephson energy U depends on the superconducting phase difference (Josephson phase) \phi periodically, with the period 2\pi. Therefore, let us focus only on one period, e.g. -\pi, where is the critical current of the junction, and \Phi_0 is the flux quantum, is a good example of conventional U(\phi). Instead, when the Josephson energy U(\phi) has a minimum (or more than one minimum per period) at \phi\neq0, these minimum (minima) correspond to the lowest energy states (ground states) of the junction and one speaks about "φ Josephson junction". Consider two examples. First, consider the junction with the Josephson energy U(\phi) having two minima at \phi=\pm\var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josephson Junction Symbol
Josephson is a patronymic surname meaning "son of Joseph". Notable people with the surname include: * Andy Josephson (born 1964), American lawyer and politician * Brian David Josephson (born 1940), Welsh physicist * Duane Josephson (1942–1997), American baseball player * Erland Josephson (1923–2012), Swedish actor and author * Erik Josephson (1864–1929), Swedish architect * Ernst Josephson (1851–1906), Swedish painter * Ian Josephson, Canadian judge * Julien Josephson (1881–1959), American motion picture screenwriter * Karen Josephson (born 1964), American swimmer * Les Josephson (1942–2020), American football player * Mark Josephson (1943–2017), American cardiac electrophysiologist * Matthew Josephson (1899–1978), American journalist and author * Samantha Josephson (died 2019), American murder victim * Sarah Josephson (born 1964), American swimmer * Timothy Josephson, American politician * Mark Josephson (entrepreneur) (born 1972), American entrepreneur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobel Prize In Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics () is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901, the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Physics is traditionally the first award presented in the Nobel Prize ceremony. The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award. The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry, and Literature. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he rendered by the discovery of X-rays. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and is widely regarded as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cooper Pair
In condensed matter physics, a Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner first described in 1956 by American physicist Leon Cooper. Description Cooper showed that an arbitrarily small attraction between electrons in a metal can cause a paired state of electrons to have a lower energy than the Fermi energy, which implies that the pair is bound. In conventional superconductors, this attraction is due to the electron–phonon interaction. The Cooper pair state is responsible for superconductivity, as described in the BCS theory developed by John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer for which they shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics. Although Cooper pairing is a quantum effect, the reason for the pairing can be seen from a simplified classical explanation. An electron in a metal normally behaves as a free particle. The electron is repelled from other electrons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quantum Tunneling
In physics, a quantum (: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction. The fundamental notion that a property can be "quantized" is referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude of the physical property can take on only discrete values consisting of integer multiples of one quantum. For example, a photon is a single quantum of light of a specific frequency (or of any other form of electromagnetic radiation). Similarly, the energy of an electron bound within an atom is quantized and can exist only in certain discrete values. Atoms and matter in general are stable because electrons can exist only at discrete energy levels within an atom. Quantization is one of the foundations of the much broader physics of quantum mechanics. Quantization of energy and its influence on how energy and matter interact (quantum electrodynamics) is part of the fundamental framework for understanding and describing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Bardeen
John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American solid-state physicist. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Houser Brattain for their invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for their fundamental theory of superconductivity, known as the BCS theory. Born and raised in Wisconsin, Bardeen received a Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University. After serving in World War II, he was a researcher at Bell Labs and a professor at the University of Illinois. The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, making possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers, and ushering in the Information Age. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity—for which he was awarded his second Nobel Prize—are used in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), medical magnetic resonance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physical Review Letters
''Physical Review Letters'' (''PRL''), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society. The journal is considered one of the most prestigious in the field of physics. Over a quarter of Physics Nobel Prize-winning papers between 1995 and 2017 were published in it. ''PRL'' is published both online and as a print journal. Its focus is on short articles ("letters") intended for quick publication. The Lead Editor is Hugues Chaté. The Managing Editor is Robert Garisto. History The journal was created in 1958. Samuel Goudsmit, who was then the editor of '' Physical Review'', the American Physical Society's flagship journal, organized and published ''Letters to the Editor of Physical Review'' into a new standalone journal'','' which became ''Physical Review Letters''. It was the first journal intended for the rapid publication of short articles, a format that eventually became popular in many other fiel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physics Letters
''Physics Letters'' was a scientific journal published from 1962 to 1966, when it split in two series now published by Elsevier Elsevier ( ) is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell (journal), Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, ...: *''Physics Letters A'': condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, nonlinear science, statistical physics, mathematical and computational physics, general and cross-disciplinary physics (including foundations), atomic, molecular and cluster physics, plasma and fluid physics, optical physics, biological physics and nanoscience. *''Physics Letters B'': nuclear physics, theoretical nuclear physics, experimental high-energy physics, theoretical high-energy physics, and astrophysics. ''Physics Letters B'' is part of the SCOAP3 initiative. References See also * List of periodicals published by Elsevier ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leopoldo Máximo Falicov
Leopoldo Máximo Falicov (June 24, 1933 – January 24, 1995) was an Argentine theoretical physicist, specializing in the theory of condensed matter physics. Life Falicov was born in Buenos Aires with both parents of Eastern European Jewish origin. His father, Isaías Félix Falicov, was Argentine and his mother, Dora Samoilovich, emigrated to Argentina as a child. Falicov attended the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires and then attended the School of Engineering and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). In 1955 he entered the recently created Institute of Physics, later known, after 1962, as the Balseiro Institute and received his Bachelor's Degree in Physics in May 1958 as a member of the first class of Physicists. Meanwhile, in 1957, he received a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry from the UBA. Simultaneously, he was working on his doctoral thesis at the Bariloche Institute of Physics under the direction of José Antonio Balseiro on the subject "Photon packets ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
