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Gastrophryne
''Gastrophryne'', the narrowmouth toads (also American narrowmouth toads, North American narrow-mouthed toads), is a genus of microhylid frogs found in the Americas between Honduras and southern United States. Its name means ‘belly-toad’, referring to its large belly, from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘belly, stomach’) and ' (, ‘toad’). ''Gastrophryne'' is closely related to '' Hypopachus''. Some species that were earlier placed in ''Gastrophryne'' were more closely related to ''Hypopachus'', rendering the genus paraphyletic. This has been rectified by moving some species ('' Gastrophryne usta'' and '' Gastrophryne pictiventris'') to ''Hypopachus''. ''Gastrophryne'' frogs were the first species to be recognized to be experiencing speciation by reinforcement and lead to the coining of the term reinforcement by W. Frank Blair in 1955;Sætre, Glenn-Peter. (2012). Reinforcement. ''eLS''. a concept proposed by Theodosius Dobzhansky decades earlier. Species The currently reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne Carolinensis
''Gastrophryne carolinensis'', the eastern narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of Microhylidae, microhylid frog. It is a relatively small, toad-like amphibian found in damp, shady habitats. The species is highly fossorial, and feeds primarily on ants. These North American microhylids (Family: Microhylidae) are distinguished from true toads (genus ''Bufo''), and other anurans by their moist, smooth skin, their lack of eardrums or Tympanum (zoology), tympana, their distinguishable squat body shape, and the unique fold of skin superior to their eyes. It is found in the United States, from southern Maryland to the Florida Keys, west to Missouri and Texas. While not a true toad, it is so called because it is terrestrial. Taxonomy ''Gastrophryne carolinensis'' belongs to one of the largest anuran families, the microhylids. No subspecies are currently recognized. The eastern narrowmouth toad is one of only three microhylids that currently live in the United States. Description The easter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne
''Gastrophryne'', the narrowmouth toads (also American narrowmouth toads, North American narrow-mouthed toads), is a genus of microhylid frogs found in the Americas between Honduras and southern United States. Its name means ‘belly-toad’, referring to its large belly, from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘belly, stomach’) and ' (, ‘toad’). ''Gastrophryne'' is closely related to '' Hypopachus''. Some species that were earlier placed in ''Gastrophryne'' were more closely related to ''Hypopachus'', rendering the genus paraphyletic. This has been rectified by moving some species ('' Gastrophryne usta'' and '' Gastrophryne pictiventris'') to ''Hypopachus''. ''Gastrophryne'' frogs were the first species to be recognized to be experiencing speciation by reinforcement and lead to the coining of the term reinforcement by W. Frank Blair in 1955;Sætre, Glenn-Peter. (2012). Reinforcement. ''eLS''. a concept proposed by Theodosius Dobzhansky decades earlier. Species The currently reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne Olivacea
''Gastrophryne olivacea'', the Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad or western narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of microhylid frog found throughout much of the south-central United States from Nebraska south through Texas, and into northern Mexico. Though not a true toad, evidenced by the smooth, moist skin, its common name obtains due to its terrestrial habit. Description Great Plains narrow-mouthed toads are a small (19-42 mm snout to vent), fossorial, flat-bodied species, with a sharply pointed snout. They are typically olive green to grey-brown in color, sometimes with black blotching. Their undersides are lighter colored. Their skin secretions can cause severe, burning pain if they get into eyes. Behavior and habitat This toad is found in a wide range of habitats, but most frequently on moist ground or in leaf litter, and under rocks or fallen logs. They breed throughout the spring and summer in pools of water left by rainfall. They have been found to hybridize with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne Elegans
''Gastrophryne elegans'', the elegant narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae found in Central America. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Description The elegant narrow-mouthed toad has a small triangular head and is flattened dorsoventrally. The females have a snout-to-vent length of about , while the males are slightly smaller. The colouring is somewhat variable and helps to camouflage this frog among the leaf litter. The dorsal surface has a broad, dark-brown, central stripe which widens and narrows irregularly and is delineated with a narrow, dark line. On either side is a reddish-brown area and then a dark-brown line that runs from the tip of the snout, past the eye, over the shoulder to the groin. The thighs have two dark bands and further lin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microhylidae
The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family (biology), family of frogs. The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies. Evolution A molecular phylogenetic study by van der Meijden, et al. (2007) has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago, or immediately after the Cretaceous extinction event. The most recent common ancestor of the Microhylidae and their closest Ranoidea, ranoid relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in Gondwana. Description As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below in length, although some species are as large as . They can be arboreal or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt. The two main shapes for the microhylids are wide bodies and narrow mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne Usta
''Hypopachus ustus'', the two-spaded narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Its natural habitats are tropical dry and moist lowland forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...s. Breeding takes place in both temporary and permanent ponds. As this species is widespread and can live modified habitats, it is not considered threatened. References ustus Frogs of North America Amphibians of Guatemala Amphibians of Mexico Amphibians of El Salvador Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope Amphibians described in 1866 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Microhylidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gastrophryne Pictiventris
''Gastrophryne pictiventris'' (common name: Nicaragua narrowmouth toad or southern narrowmouth toad) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeastern Costa Rica and southeastern Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft .... This species is found in leaf-litter of lowland moist and wet forests. However, it is not easily seen outside the explosive breeding events. Breeding takes place in temporary pools. Forest destruction is considered a major threat to this species, although it is not considered to be threatened as a species. References pictiventris Frogs of North America Amphibians of Costa Rica Amphibians of Nicaragua Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope Amphibians described in 1885 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reinforcement (speciation)
Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness. The idea was originally developed by Alfred Russel Wallace and is sometimes referred to as the Wallace effect. The modern concept of reinforcement originates from Theodosius Dobzhansky. He envisioned a species separated allopatrically, where during secondary contact the two populations mate, producing hybrids with lower fitness. Natural selection results from the hybrid's inability to produce viable offspring; thus members of one species who do not mate with members of the other have greater reproductive success. This favors the evolution of greater prezygotic isolation (differences in behavior or biology that inhibit formation of hybrid zygotes). Reinforcement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely semiaquatic group of short-bodied, tailless amphibian vertebrates composing the order (biology), order Anura (coming from the Ancient Greek , literally 'without tail'). Frog species with rough skin texture due to wart-like parotoid glands tend to be called toads, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal and purely cosmetic, not from taxonomy (biology), taxonomy or evolutionary history. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforest and associated wetlands. They account for around 88% of extant amphibian species, and are one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. The oldest fossil "proto-frog" ''Triadobatrachus'' is known from the Early Triassic of Madagascar (250Myr, million years ago), but molecular clock, molecular clock dating suggests their divergent evolution, divergence from other amphibians may exte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (; ; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a Russian-born American geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis and also popular for his support and promotion of theistic evolution as a practicing Christian. Born in the Russian Empire, Dobzhansky immigrated to the United States in 1927 at the age of 27. His 1937 work '' Genetics and the Origin of Species'' became a major influence on the modern synthesis. He was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1964 and the Franklin Medal in 1973. Biography Early life Dobzhansky was born on January 25, 1900, in Nemirov, Russian Empire (now Nemyriv, Ukraine), the only child of Grigory Dobzhansky, a mathematics teacher, and Sophia Voinarsky. He was given an unusual name, Theodosius, because he was born after his middle-aged parents prayed for a child to St. Theodosius of Chernigov. In 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
