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Expectorants
Mucoactive agents are a class of pharmacologic agents that include expectorants, mucolytics, mucoregulators, and mucokinetics that can affect the volume, viscosity, transportation, and composition of mucus or sputum. They often aid in clearing mucus or sputum from the upper and lower airways. These medications are used to treat respiratory diseases complicated by the oversecretion or inspissation of mucus. These drugs can be further categorized by their mechanism of action. Mechanism of action Mucoactive agents—expectorants—include mucolytics, secretolytics and mucokinetics (also called secretomotorics) * Mucolytics: thin (reduce the viscosity of) mucus * Secretolytics: increase airway water or the volume of airway secretions * Mucokinetics: increase mucociliary transport (clearance) and transportability of mucus by cough * Mucoregulators: suppress underlying mechanisms of mucus hypersecretion Alternatively, attacking the affinity between secretions and the biological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mesna
Mesna, sold under the brand name Mesnex among others, is a medication used in those taking cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide to decrease the risk of hemorrhagic cystitis, bleeding from the bladder. It is used either Oral administration, by mouth or intravenous, injection into a vein. Common side effects include headache, vomiting, sleepiness, loss of appetite, cough, rash, and joint pain. Serious side effects include allergic reactions. Use during pregnancy appears to be safe for the baby but this use has not been well studied. Mesna is an organosulfur compound. It works by altering the breakdown products of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide found in the urine making them less toxic. Mesna was approved for medical use in the United States in 1988. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Medical uses Chemotherapy adjuvant Mesna is used therapeutically to reduce the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis, haemorrh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbocisteine
Carbocisteine, also called carbocysteine, is a mucolytic that reduces the viscosity of sputum and so can be used to help relieve the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and bronchiectasis by allowing the sufferer to bring up sputum more easily. Carbocisteine should not be used with antitussives (cough suppressants) or medicines that dry up bronchial secretions. It was first described in 1951 and came into medical use in 1960. Carbocisteine is produced by alkylation of cysteine with chloroacetic acid Chloroacetic acid, industrially known as monochloroacetic acid (MCA), is the organochlorine compound with the formula . This carboxylic acid is a useful building block in organic synthesis. It is a colorless solid. Related compounds are dichlo .... References {{Cough and cold preparations Dicarboxylic acids Expectorants Thioethers Alpha-Amino acids Amino acid derivatives ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terpin
Terpin is an expectorant, used to loosen mucus in patients with bronchitis and related conditions. It is used as the hydrate (terpin·H2O). It is derived from sources such as turpentine, oregano, thyme, and eucalyptus. It was used in the United States in the late nineteenth century, but was removed from marketed medications in the 1990s after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found a lack of evidence of safety and effectiveness.United States Food and Drug AdministrationCode of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Volume 5, April 1, 2009/ref> Elixirs of terpin hydrate are still available with a prescription, but must be prepared by a compounding pharmacy. It can be prepared from other volatile oils like geraniol and linalool by adding dilute acids (5% sulfuric acid) to them. Medical uses Terpin hydrate is an expectorant, used in the treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infectious and inflammatory disease ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Iodide
Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. It is also used for treating skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. It is a supplement used by people with low dietary intake of iodine. It is administered orally. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Other side effects include allergic reactions, headache, goitre, and depression. While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, its use is still recommended in radiation emergencies. Potassium iodide has the chemical formula K I. Commercially it is made by mixing potassium hydroxide with iodine. Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is available as a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guaifenesin
Guaifenesin, also known as glyceryl guaiacolate, sold under the brand name Mucinex, among others, is an expectorant medication taken by mouth and marketed as an aid to eliminate sputum from the respiratory tract. Chemically, it is an ether of guaiacol and glycerine. It may be used in combination with other medications. A 2014 study found that guaifenesin does not affect sputum volume in upper respiratory infections (the upper respiratory system includes most breathing parts ''above'' the lungs). It has been alleged to work in 2023 by making airway secretions more liquid. Side effects may include dizziness, sleepiness, skin rash, and nausea. While it has not been properly studied in pregnancy, it appears to be safe. Guaifenesin has been used medically since at least 1933. It is available as a generic medication and over-the-counter (OTC). In 2022, it was the 295th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 400,000 prescriptions. In 2022, the com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromhexine
Bromhexine is a mucolytic drug used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It was developed in the research laboratory of Boehringer Ingelheim in the late 1950s as an active ingredient for pharmaceutical use, patented in 1961, introduced in 1963 under the trademark of Bisolvon® and came into medical use in 1966. Function Bromhexine is intended to support the body's mechanisms for clearing mucus from the respiratory tract. It is secretolytic, increasing the production of serous mucus in the respiratory tract, which makes the phlegm thinner and less viscous. This contributes to a secretomotoric effect, allowing the cilia to more easily transport the phlegm out of the lungs The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in many animals, including humans. In mammals and most other tetrapods, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the respiratory syste .... For this re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambroxol
Ambroxol is a drug that breaks up phlegm, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. Ambroxol is often administered as an active ingredient in cough syrup. It was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1979. Medical uses Ambroxol is indicated as "secretolytic therapy in bronchopulmonary diseases associated with abnormal mucus secretion and impaired mucus transport. It promotes mucus clearance, facilitates expectoration and eases productive cough, allowing patients to breathe freely and deeply". There are many different formulations developed since the first marketing authorisation in 1978. Ambroxol is available as syrup, tablets, pastilles, dry powder sachets, inhalation solution, drops and ampules as well as effervescent tablets. Ambroxol also provides pain relief in acute sore throat. Pain in sore throat is the hallmark of acute pharyngitis. Sore throat is usually caused by a viral infection. The infection is se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mecysteine
Cysteine methyl ester is the organic compound with the formula HSCH2CH(NH2)CO2CH3. It is a white solid substance, known as the methyl ester of the amino acid, cysteine. Uses Under the brand name Mecysteine, cysteine methyl ester is a commercial drug for mucolytic activity. The compound has an ability to break down or lower the viscosity of mucin-containing secretions or components of fluids by chronic and acute respiratory disorders. The drug is sold under the commercial names Delta in Paraguay, and Pectite and Zeotin in Japan. Cysteine methyl ester is also used as a building block for synthesis of N,S-heterocycle A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic organic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, proper ...s. References Expectorants Amino acid derivatives Methyl esters Thiols Sulfur amino acids {{Respirat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erdosteine
Erdosteine is a molecule with mucolytic activity. Structurally it is a thioether derivative with two thioether groups. These two functional organosulfur groups contained in the molecule are released following first-pass metabolism with the conversion of erdosteine into its pharmacologically active metabolite Met-I (N-thiodiglycolyl-homocysteine). The molecule has been discovered and developed in Italy by Edmond Pharma, today it is prescribed for chronic and acute respiratory disorders in more than 40 countries worldwide. The drug is sold under several commercial names (Esteclin, Erdomed, Erdos, Erdotin etc.), as hard capsules 300 mg, dispersible tablets 300 mg, granulates for oral suspension 225 mg and powder for oral suspension 175 mg/5ml. Pharmacodynamics Erdosteine is an oral mucoactive anti-oxidant molecule, characterized by a multi-faceted pharmacological profile that may positively interfere in more than one of the pathological processes ongoing in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justicia Adhatoda
''Justicia adhatoda'' commonly known in English as Malabar nut, adulsa, adhatoda, vasa, vasaka, is native to Asia. ''Adathoda'' means 'untouched by goats' in Tamil. The name derives from the fact that animals like goats do not eat this plant due to its extreme bitter taste. The plant's native range is Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka), Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is used as a traditional medicinal plant. Description ''Justicia adhatoda'' is a shrub with 10-20 lance-shaped leaves 8-9 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, and borne on short petioles. When dry they are of a dull brownish-green colour. They are bitter-tasting. When a leaf is cleared with chloral hydrate and examined microscopically the oval stomata can be seen. They are surrounded by two crescent-shaped cells at right angles to the ostiole. The epidermis bears simple one- to three-cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tolu Balsam
Tolu balsam or balsam of Tolu is a balsam that originates from South America (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela). It is similar to (and frequently confounded with) the balsam of Peru. It is tapped from the living trunks of '' Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum''. The fresh balsam of Tolu is a brownish, sticky, semifluid mass. It gradually becomes a brittle solid, but softens again when it is warm. The balsam contains a fairly large amount of benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate. Collection Balsam of Tolu is obtained by cutting a V-shaped wound on the trunk of ''Myroxylon balsamum'' var. ''balsamum'' and fixing a calabash there to catch the exuded resin. Uses The resin is still used in certain cough syrup formulas. However its main use in the modern era is in perfumery, where it is valued for its warm, mellow yet somewhat spicy scent. It is also used as a natural remedy for skin rashes. It is a well known cause of contact dermatitis, a form of skin allergy. History In 1841, He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Citrate
Sodium citrate may refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid (though most commonly the third): * Monosodium citrate * Disodium citrate * Trisodium citrate The three forms of salt are collectively known by the E number E331. Applications Food Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks, and also as emulsifiers for oils. They enable cheeses to melt without becoming greasy and also reduce the acidity of food. They are generally considered safe and are designated GRAS by the FDA. Blood clotting inhibitor Sodium citrate is used to prevent donated blood from clotting in storage, and can also be used as an additive for apheresis to prevent clots forming in the tubes of the machine. By binding with calcium ions in the blood it prevents the process of coagulation. It is also used as an anticoagulant for laboratory testing, in that blood samples are collected into sodium citrate-containing tubes for tests such as the PT (INR), APTT, and fibrinogen levels ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
