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Constitution Of Russia
The Constitution of the Russian Federation () was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 and enacted on 25 December 1993. The latest significant reform occurred in 2020, marked by extensive amendments that altered various sections, including presidential terms, social policies, and the role of Russian law over international ones. (See 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia). Russia's constitution came into force on 25 December 1993, at the moment of its official publication, and abolished the Soviet system of government. The 1993 Constitution is one of the longest-standing constitutions in Russian history, second only to the Soviet Union’s 1936 Constitution, which was in effect until 1977. The text was drafted by the 1993 Constitutional Conference, which was attended by over 800 participants. Sergei Alexeyev, Sergey Shakhray, and sometimes Anatoly Sobchak are considered as the primary co-authors of the constitution. The text was inspired by Mikhail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders of Russia, land borders with fourteen countries. Russia is the List of European countries by population, most populous country in Europe and the List of countries and dependencies by population, ninth-most populous country in the world. It is a Urbanization by sovereign state, highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants. Moscow, the List of metropolitan areas in Europe, most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and Society and culture in Saint Petersburg, cultural centre. Human settlement on the territory of modern Russia dates back to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moscow
Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits, over 19.1 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in Moscow metropolitan area, its metropolitan area. The city covers an area of , while the urban area covers , and the metropolitan area covers over . Moscow is among the world's List of largest cities, largest cities, being the List of European cities by population within city limits, most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest List of urban areas in Europe, urban and List of metropolitan areas in Europe, metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent. First documented in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the Grand Principality of Moscow, which led the unification of the Russian lan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikhail Speransky
Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (; 12 January 1772 – 23 February 1839) was a Russian statesman and reformist during the reign of Alexander I of Russia, to whom he was a close advisor. Honorary member of the Free Economic Society (1801) and the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1819). He later served under Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and was Active Privy Councillor (1827). Speransky is referred to as the father of Russian liberalism. Personal life Speransky was born on 12 January 1772 in Cherkutino, Vladimir Province (now Vladimir Oblast), Russia. Speransky was the son of Mikhail Tretyakov, a village priest. He studied at the religious seminaries in Vladimir and St Petersburg, where he acquired the surname of Speransky, from the Latin verb "to hope" ( sperare). Later, in the ecclesiastical seminary in St. Petersburg, he became a professor of mathematics and physics. His skills led him to become the secretary to Prince Kurakin and a competent imperial official. Deta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatoly Sobchak
Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak ( rus, Анатолий Александрович Собчак, p=ɐnɐˈtolʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ sɐpˈtɕak; 10 August 1937 – 19 February 2000) was a Russian politician and legal scholar, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg. Biography Soviet legal scholar Anatoly Sobchak was born in Chita, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, on 10 August 1937. His father, Aleksander Antonovich, was a railroad engineer of Polish and Czech origin, and his mother, Nadezhda Andreyevna Litvinova, was an accountant of Russian and Ukrainian origin. Anatoly was one of four brothers. In 1939, the family moved to Uzbekistan, where Anatoly lived until 1953 before entering Stavropol Law College. In 1954, he transferred to Leningrad State University. In 1958, he married Nonna Gandzyuk, a student of Hertzen Teacher's College. They had a daughter called Maria Sobchak, born in 1965, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergey Shakhray
Sergey Mikhaylovich Shakhray (; born 30 April 1956) is a Russian politician. He is a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Shakhray graduated from the Rostov-on-Don State University in 1978 with a degree in law. In December 1991 – March 1992, November 1992 – January 1994, April 1994 – January 1996: Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation () is a member of the Government of Russia The Russian Government () or fully titled the Government of the Russian Federation () is the highest federal executive governmental body o .... He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation. He is of Terek Cossack descent. References External links Official biography(in Russian) (in Russian) 1956 births Living people 1st class Active State Councillors of the Russian Federation Party of Russian Unity and Accord politicians Deputy hea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergei Alexeyev
Sergei Sergeyevich Alexeyev (; 28 July 1924 – 12 May 2013) was a Soviet and Russian legal theorist, scholar of civil law and politician. He was the first and only chairman of the Committee for Constitutional Supervision of the USSR from 1990 to 1991. Later, he was one of the co-authors of the Constitution of Russia of 1993, along with Anatoly Sobchak and Sergey Shakhray Sergey Mikhaylovich Shakhray (; born 30 April 1956) is a Russian politician. He is a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Shakhray graduated from the Rostov-on-Don State University in 1978 with a degree in law. In December .... Death On 12 May 2013 Alexeyev died of a heart attack. References 1924 births 2013 deaths People from Oryol Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union Soviet jurists Russian legal scholars Jurisprudence academics Philosophers of law 20th-century Russian politicians Ural Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Conference Of The Russian Federation
The Constitutional Conference of the Russian Federation () was a consultative body of representatives of government bodies, local authorities and public organizations, convened by the order of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin in 1993 to complete the preparation of an alternative draft of Constitution of the Russian Federation. The reason for dissatisfaction was the convocation of the President of the draft constitution drafted by the Constitutional Commission of the Congress of People's Deputies. It was opened in Moscow in the Kremlin June 5, 1993 on the basis of Presidential Decree "On the order of the Constitutional Council" of 2 June 1993 number 840. The first phase of the signing of the Constitutional Council by the meeting July 12, 1993 finalized and agreed on it the draft Constitution. Presidential draft Constitution was created under the auspices of the three, Sergey Alekseev, Anatoly Sobchak and Sergey Shakhray, they were the leaders of the process, but only a Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1936 Constitution Of The Soviet Union
The 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union, also known as the Stalin Constitution, was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 5 December 1936. The 1936 Constitution was the second constitution of the Soviet Union and replaced the 1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union, 1924 Constitution, with 5 December being celebrated annually as Soviet Constitution Day from its adoption by the Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, Congress of Soviets. This date was considered the "second foundational moment" of the USSR, after the October Revolution in 1917. The 1936 Constitution redesigned the government of the Soviet Union, expanded all manner of rights and freedoms, and spelled out a number of Democracy, democratic procedures. The Congress of Soviets replaced itself with the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Supreme Soviet, which amended the 1936 Constitution in 1944. The 1936 Constitution was the longest surviving constitution of the Soviet Union, and many Eastern Bloc countr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet Republic (system Of Government)
A soviet republic (from ), also called council republic, is a republic in which the government is formed of soviets ( workers' councils) and politics are based on soviet democracy. During the Revolutions of 1917–1923, various revolutionary workers' movements across Europe declared independence or otherwise formed governments as soviet republics. Although the term is usually associated with the republics of the Soviet Union, it was not initially used to represent the political organisation of the Soviet Union, but merely a system of government. History The earliest known examples of workers' councils on a smaller scale occurred during the Russian Revolution of 1905, including the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), which spread throughout the lands of the Russian Empire; early soviets were active particularly in Central Russia and Congress Poland, where workers took over factories, districts, and sometimes even entire towns or regions before the tsarist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2020 Amendments To The Constitution Of Russia
The amendments of 2020, which were proposed in January 2020, are the second substantial amendments to the Constitution of Russia of 1993. To introduce these amendments, Vladimir Putin, president of Russia, held a national vote. They were approved on 1 July by a popular vote. After Putin's signing of an executive order on 3 July to officially introduce the amendments into the Russian Constitution, they took effect on 4 July. History Since the ratification of the Constitution in 1993, several amendments were proposed. In 2008, in order to extend the presidential and State Duma terms, as well as require an annual report by the prime minister for the Duma members, four articles were changed. In early 2014, eight more amendments were ratified and one repealed, which resulted in the abolition of the High Court of Arbitration and the adjustment of prosecutor assignments. In mid-2014, two more articles were changed in order to allow the president to choose up to 10% (17 members) of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Constitution Of 1978
The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 12 April 1978 was formally its supreme law. History At its Extraordinary Session of 12 April 1978, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a new republican Constitution, to replace the old Russian Constitution of 1937, including its subsequent amendments. The new Constitution initially consisted of a Preamble and 185 articles, and was prepared as part of the whole process of bringing all 15 republican Constitutions in line with new Constitution of the Soviet Union of October 1977. It was the fourth Constitution of the Russian SFSR. Following a turbulent period of democratization, dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent economic reform the Constitution was amended several times. It lost its legal force by the referendum of 12 December 1993, which was preceded by a power struggle between the President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and Russia's legislative institutions – the Congress o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
