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Complexity (other)
Complexity is the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe. Complexity may also refer to: * ''Complexity'' (journal), a scientific journal * Computational complexity, in computer science ** Computational complexity theory * Game complexity, in combinatorial game theory * Integer complexity, in number theory * Language complexity, the notion that a component (e.g. phonology) of one natural language can be more complex than that of another, or that one language as a whole can be more complex than another * Complexity Gaming, an American professional esports organization * "Complexity", a song by Front Line Assembly from the 1997 re-release of the album '' The Initial Command'' * "Complexity", a song by Eagles of Death Metal from the 2015 album '' Zipper Down'' *"Complexities", a song by Daniel Caesar from the 2019 album '' Case Study 01'' See also * * Complex (other) * Complexity theory (dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complexity
Complexity characterizes the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to non-linearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence. The term is generally used to characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways, culminating in a higher order of emergence greater than the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various scales is the main goal of complex systems theory. The intuitive criterion of complexity can be formulated as follows: a system would be more complex if more parts could be distinguished, and if more connections between them existed. , a number of approaches to characterizing complexity have been used in science; Zayed ''et al.'' reflect many of these. Neil Johnson states that "even among scientists, there is no unique definition of complexity – and the scientific notion has traditionally been conveyed using partic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complexity (journal)
''Complexity'' is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering the field of complex adaptive systems. The journal's scope includes Chaos theory, genetic algorithms, cellular automata, neural networks, evolutionary game theory, and econophysics. It was established in 1995 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: The journal was also initially indexed in some mathematical databases: According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.833. See also * List of systems science journals References External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Complexity Academic journals established in 1995 English-language journals Systems jour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Complexity
In computer science, the computational complexity or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required to run it. Particular focus is given to computation time (generally measured by the number of needed elementary operations) and memory storage requirements. The complexity of a problem is the complexity of the best algorithms that allow solving the problem. The study of the complexity of explicitly given algorithms is called analysis of algorithms, while the study of the complexity of problems is called computational complexity theory. Both areas are highly related, as the complexity of an algorithm is always an upper bound on the complexity of the problem solved by this algorithm. Moreover, for designing efficient algorithms, it is often fundamental to compare the complexity of a specific algorithm to the complexity of the problem to be solved. Also, in most cases, the only thing that is known about the complexity of a problem is that it is lower than the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Computational Complexity Theory
In theoretical computer science and mathematics, computational complexity theory focuses on classifying computational problems according to their resource usage, and explores the relationships between these classifications. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm. A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying their computational complexity, i.e., the amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other measures of complexity are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity), the number of logic gate, gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing). O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Game Complexity
Combinatorial game theory measures game complexity in several ways: #State-space complexity (the number of legal game positions from the initial position) #Game tree size (total number of possible games) #Decision complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest decision tree for initial position) #Game-tree complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest full-width decision tree for initial position) #Computational complexity (asymptotic difficulty of a game as it grows arbitrarily large) These measures involve understanding the game positions, possible outcomes, and Computational complexity theory, computational complexity of various game scenarios. Measures of game complexity State-space complexity The ''state-space complexity'' of a game is the number of legal game positions reachable from the initial position of the game. When this is too hard to calculate, an upper bound can often be computed by also counting (some) illegal positions (positions that can never arise i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integer Complexity
In number theory, the complexity of an integer is the smallest number of ones that can be used to represent it using ones and any number of additions, multiplications, and parentheses. It is always within a constant factor of the logarithm of the given integer. Example For instance, the number 11 may be represented using eight ones: :11 = (1 + 1 + 1) × (1 + 1 + 1) + 1 + 1. However, it has no representation using seven or fewer ones. Therefore, its complexity is 8. The complexities of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... are :1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, ... The smallest numbers with complexity 1, 2, 3, ... are :1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 22, 23, 41, 47, ... Upper and lower bounds The question of expressing integers in this way was originally considered by . They asked for the largest number with a given complexity ; later, Selfridge showed that this number is :2^x3^ \text x = -k\bmod 3. For example, when , and the largest integer that can be expressed using t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Complexity
Language complexity is a topic in linguistics which can be divided into several sub-topics such as phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic complexity. The subject also carries importance for language evolution. Language complexity has been studied less than many other traditional fields of linguistics. While the consensus is turning towards recognizing that complexity is a suitable research area, a central focus has been on methodological choices. Some languages, particularly pidgins and creoles, are considered simpler than most other languages, but there is no direct ranking, and no universal method of measurement although several possibilities are now proposed within different schools of analysis. History Throughout the 19th century, differential complexity was taken for granted. The classical languages Latin and Greek, as well as Sanskrit, were considered to possess qualities which could be achieved by the rising European national languages only through an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Initial Command
''The Initial Command'' is the first full-length studio album released by Canadian industrial band Front Line Assembly, released in 1987 through Belgian label KK. Release Since the 1987 release of ''The Initial Command'', the album has been re-issued several times. American label ROIR released the album in 1990 on cassette with a different cover. It was the first release of the album in the United States and the second Front Line Assembly album released by ROIR after the band's second album State of Mind. British label Third Mind followed in 1992 with a licensed CD version in the United States. Los Angeles–based Cleopatra Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (; The name Cleopatra is pronounced , or sometimes in both British and American English, see and respectively. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology). She was ...'s and German Zoth Ommog's release in 1997 contained two new tracks and new cover art. This re-release ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zipper Down
''Zipper Down'' is the fourth studio album from American rock band Eagles of Death Metal. It was released on October 2, 2015. The first single, "Complexity", was made available for streaming on ''Pitchfork'' in June 2015. The entire album was made available to stream in an exclusive by NPR on their website, on September 23, 2015. "Oh Girl", "I Love You All The Time" and "Complexity" were previously on Boots Electric's first album '' Honkey Kong'' and were remade for ''Zipper Down''. Songs The album includes a cover of " Save a Prayer" by Duran Duran. The two bands played the song together on ''TFI Friday''. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, a Facebook campaign was launched to get the cover of "Save a Prayer" to no. 1. Duran Duran stated that they would donate all of their royalties from the cover to charity. The song ultimately peaked at number 53 for the chart dated the week after the attack. Following Duran Duran's lead, Eagles of Death Metal announced that they wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Case Study 01
''Case Study 01'' (stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by Canadian singer and songwriter Daniel Caesar, released on June 28, 2019, through Golden Child Recordings. It features guest appearances from Brandy, Pharrell Williams, John Mayer, Sean Leon and Jacob Collier. Promotion Caesar held a listening party in Los Angeles in the week leading up to the album's release. Along with invited music industry figures, the event was also open to the first 200 guests that arrived. Caesar also teased the album on social media, including with a video of a person walking across a desert set to a "muted keyboard melody" and a quote from scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer. Critical reception Jacob Carey of ''Exclaim!'' noted the "experimental nature" of the album, concluding: "Although ''Case Study 01'' may not receive the same critical reception as Freudian, it's a solid effort by an artist who is, more or less, still a rookie, attempting to diversify his sound early on in order t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex (other)
Complex commonly refers to: * Complexity, the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe ** Complex system, a system composed of many components which may interact with each other * Complex (psychology), a core pattern of emotions etc. in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme such as power or status Complex may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Complex (English band), formed in 1968, and their 1971 album ''Complex'' * Complex (band), a Japanese rock band * ''Complex'' (album), by Montaigne, 2019, and its title track * ''Complex'' (EP), by Rifle Sport, 1985 * "Complex" (song), by Gary Numan, 1979 * "Complex", a song by Katie Gregson-MacLeod, 2022 * "Complex" a song by Be'O and Zico, 2022 * Complex Networks, publisher of the now-only-online magazine ''Complex'' Biology * Protein–ligand complex, a complex of a protein bound with a ligand * Exosome complex, a multi-prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
