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Approval Voting
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters can approve of all the candidates as they like instead of Plurality voting, choosing one. The method is designed to eliminate vote-splitting while keeping election administration simple and Summability criterion, easy-to-count (requiring only a single score for each candidate). Approval voting has been used in both organizational and political elections to improve representativeness and voter satisfaction. Critics of approval voting have argued the simple ballot format is a disadvantage, as it forces a Dichotomous preferences, binary choice for each candidate (instead of the expressive grades of other rated voting rules). Effect on elections Research by Social choice theory, social choice theorists Steven Brams and Dudley R. Herschbach found that approval voting would increase voter participation, prevent minor-party candidates from being spoiler effect, spoilers, and reduce negative campaigning. Brams' researc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Approval Ballot
An approval ballot, also called an unordered ballot, is a ballot in which a voter may vote for any number of candidates simultaneously, rather than for just one candidate. Candidates that are selected in a voter's ballot are said to be ''approved'' by the voter; the other candidates are said to be ''disapproved'' or ''rejected''. Approval ballots do not let the voters specify a preference-order among the candidates they approve; hence the name ''unordered''. This is in contrast to ranked ballots, which are ordered. There are several electoral systems that use approval balloting; they differ in the way in which the election outcome is determined: * In approval voting, there is a single winner, and he/she is the candidate with the largest number of votes. * In multiple non-transferable vote (also called block voting) there is a fixed number (say ''k'') of winners, and they are the ''k'' candidates with the largest number of votes. * In other multiwinner approval voting systems, there i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (, ; ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995. After attending the , Chirac began his career as a high-level civil servant, entering politics shortly thereafter. Chirac occupied various senior positions, including minister of agriculture and minister of the interior. In 1981 and 1988, he unsuccessfully ran for president as the standard-bearer for the conservative Gaullist party Rally for the Republic (RPR). Chirac's internal policies initially included lower tax rates, the removal of price controls, strong punishment for crime and terrorism, and business privatisation. After pursuing these policies in his second term as prime minister, Chirac changed his views. He argued for different economic policies and was elected president in 1995, with 52.6% of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bullet Voting
Bullet, single-shot, or plump voting is when a voter supports only a single candidate, typically to show strong support for a single favorite. Every voting method that does not satisfy either later-no-harm (most methods) or monotonicity (such as instant-runoff voting) will encourage bullet voting or truncation in some situations. In systems that fail later-no-harm, voters who feel strongly about their favorite candidate can use bullet voting to maximize the chances their favorite candidate will be elected, at the cost of reducing the chances that one of their later preferences will win. In non-participatory systems (such as instant-runoff), voters can sometimes strategically bullet-vote to hide their support for additional candidates; this strategy works because such systems can cause candidates to lose when they receive ''too'' ''much'' support from voters. Setups where voters may benefit from truncating their ballots are sometimes called a truncation paradox or Burr d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plurality (voting)
A plurality vote (in North American English) or relative majority (in British English) describes the circumstance when a party, candidate, or proposition polls more votes than any other but does not receive more than half of all votes cast. For example, if from 100 votes that were cast, 45 were for ''candidate A'', 30 were for ''candidate B'' and 25 were for ''candidate C'', then ''candidate A'' received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some election contests, the winning candidate or proposition may need only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote. Versus majority In international institutional law, a ''simple majority'' (also a ''plurality'') is the largest number of votes cast (disregarding abstentions) ''among'' alternatives, always true when only two are in the competition. In some circles, a majority means more than half of the total including abstentions. However, in many jurisdictions, a simple majority is defined as more vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vote Splitting
In social choice theory and politics, a spoiler effect happens when a losing candidate affects the results of an election simply by participating. Voting rules that are not affected by spoilers are said to be spoilerproof. The frequency and severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. Instant-runoff voting (IRV), the two-round system (TRS), and especially first-past-the-post (FPP) without winnowing or primary elections are highly sensitive to spoilers (though IRV and TRS less so in some circumstances), and all three rules are affected by center-squeeze and vote splitting. Majority-rule (or Condorcet) methods are only rarely affected by spoilers, which are limited to rare situations called cyclic ties.. "This is a kind of stability property of Condorcet winners: you cannot dislodge a Condorcet winner ''A'' by adding a new candidate ''B'' to the election if A beats B in a head-to-head majority vote. For example, although the 2000 U.S. Presidential El ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fargo, North Dakota
Fargo is the List of cities in North Dakota, most populous city in the U.S. state of North Dakota and the county seat of Cass County, North Dakota, Cass County. The population was 125,990 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, which was estimated to have grown to 133,188 in 2023, making it the List of United States cities by population, 218th-most populous city in the United States. Fargo, along with its twin cities (geographical proximity), twin city of Moorhead, Minnesota, form the core of the Fargo–Moorhead metropolitan statistical area, which had a population of 248,591 in 2020. Fargo was founded in 1871 on the Red River of the North floodplain. It is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, and industrial center for southeastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota. North Dakota State University is located in the city. History Early history Historically part of Sioux (Dakota people, Dakota) territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was an early stoppi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 St
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number. In digital technology, 1 represents the "on" state in binary code, the foundation of computing. Philosophically, 1 symbolizes the ultimate reality or source of existence in various traditions. In mathematics The number 1 is the first natural number after 0. Each natural number, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unified Primary
A unified primary (or top-2 approval+runoff) is an electoral system for narrowing the field of candidates for a single-winner election, similar to a nonpartisan blanket primary, but using approval voting for the first round, advancing the top-two candidates, allowing voters to confirm the majority-supported candidate in the general election. Comparison to other primary systems In the US, most primary elections are party-specific: voters select a political party, either as part of the voter registration process or at the ballot box, and may vote only for candidates sharing that same party affiliation. These primary systems use plurality voting, where each voter may express a preference for one candidate per office. The candidate in each party receiving the most votes advances to the general election. Voters not affiliated with a major political party may or may not be able to participate in these primary elections, depending on jurisdictional rules, and candidates not affiliated w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open List Proportional Representation
Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. This is as opposed to closed list, in which party lists are in a predetermined, fixed order by the time of the election and gives the general voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the party list. An open list system allows voters to select individuals rather than, or in addition to parties. Different systems give the voter different amounts of influence to change the default ranking. The voter's candidate choices are usually called preference vote; the voters are usually allowed one or more preference votes for the open list candidates. Open lists differ from mixed-member proportional representation, also known as "personalized proportional representation" in Germany. Some mixed systems, however, may use open lists in their list-PR component. Variants Relatively closed A "rel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saeima
The Saeima () is the parliament of the Latvia, Republic of Latvia. It is a unicameral parliament consisting of 100 members who are elected by proportional representation, with seats allocated to political parties which gain at least 5% of the popular vote. Elections are scheduled to be held once every four years, normally on the first Saturday of October. The most recent elections were held in 2022 Latvian parliamentary election, October 2022. The President of Latvia can dismiss the Saeima and request early elections. The Parliamentary dissolution power of Latvian President, procedure for dismissing it involves substantial political risk to the president, including a risk of loss of office. On 28 May 2011 president Valdis Zatlers decided to initiate the dissolution of the Saeima, which was approved in a 2011 Latvian parliamentary dissolution referendum, referendum, and the Saeima was dissolved on 23 July 2011. The current Speaker of the Saeima is Daiga Mieriņa of the Union of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2012 French Presidential Election
Presidential elections in France, Presidential elections were held in France on 22 April 2012 (or 21 April in some overseas departments and territories), with a second round Two-round system, run-off held on 6 May (or 5 May for those same territories) to elect the President of France (who is also ''ex officio'' one of the Co-Princes of Andorra, two joint heads of state of Andorra, a sovereign state). The incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy was running for a second five-year term for which he was eligible for under the Constitution of France. The first round ended with the selection of François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy as second round participants, as neither of them received a majority of votes cast in the first round. Hollande won the runoff with 51.64% of the vote to Sarkozy's 48.36%. It was the second time in French history and the first time since the 1981 French presidential election, 1981 election that a President seeking reelection was denied a second term, and the only time th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evaluative Voting
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by giving each one a grade on a separate scale. The distribution of ratings for each candidate—i.e. the percentage of voters who assign them a particular score—is called their merit profile. For example, if candidates are graded on a 4-point scale, one candidate's merit profile may be 25% on every possible rating (1, 2, 3, and 4), while a perfect candidate would have a merit profile where 100% of voters assign them a score of 4. Since rated methods allow the voters to express how strongly they support a candidate, these methods are not covered by Arrow's impossibility theorem, and their resistance to the spoiler effect becomes a more complex matter. Some rated methods are immune to the spoiler effect when every voter rates the candidates on an absolute scale, but they are not when the voters' rating scales change based on the ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
