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Bufo Stomaticus
''Duttaphrynus stomaticus'', also known as the Indian marbled toad, Punjab toad, Indus Valley toad, or marbled toad, is a species of toad found in Asia from eastern Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan to Nepal, extending into Peninsular India and Bangladesh. This toad lacks cranial Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ... crests and the space between the eyes is broader than the upper eyelid. The tympanum of the ear is two-thirds the diameter of the eye. The first and second fingers are nearly equal and there is a single sub-articular tubercle. A spiny ridge is found on the tarsus. There is a tibial gland and the parotoid is longer than broad. Three dark bands run transversely on the forearm. The underside is whitish with dark mottling on the throat. They are nocturnal, so du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Frederik Lütken
Christian Frederik Lütken (; 7 October 1827, in Sorø – 6 February 1901), was a Danish zoologist and naturalist. In 1852, he resigned his commission as a lieutenant with the Danish army, and earned his master's degree in sciences the following year.Darwinarkivet.dk Christian Frederik Lütken (1827-1901) Afterwards, he served as an assistant to (1813–1897) at the , at the time an independent institution, now par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tympanum (zoology)
The tympanum is an external hearing structure in animals such as mammals, birds, some reptiles, some amphibians and some insects. Using sound, vertebrates and many insects are capable of sensing their prey, identifying and locating their predators, warning other individuals, and locating potential mates and rivals by hearing the intentional or unintentional sounds they make. In general, any animal that reacts to sounds or communicates by means of sound, needs to have an auditory mechanism. This typically consists of a membrane capable of vibration known as the tympanum, an air-filled chamber and sensory organs to detect the auditory stimuli. Anurans In frogs and toads, the tympanum is a large external oval shape membrane made up of nonglandular skin. It is located just behind the eye. It does not process sound waves; it simply transmits them to the inner parts of the amphibian's ear, which is protected from the entry of water and other foreign objects. A frog's ear drum works ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Pakistan
This list of the amphibians of Pakistan currently contains 19 confirmed species that are known to occur in Pakistan. Order Anura *Family ''Bufonidae'' (true toads) - 8 species **'' Bufo himalayanus'' (Himalayan Toad) **'' Bufo latastii'' (Baltistan Toad) **'' Bufo melanostictus'' (Common Indian Toad) **'' Bufo olivaceus'' (Olive Toad) **'' Bufo pseudoraddei'Photographs of subspecies***''Bufo p. pseudoraddei'' (Kaghan Toad) ***''Bufo p. baturae'' (Batura Toad) **''Bufo stomaticus'' (Indus Valley Toad or Marbled Toad) "National amphibian of Pakistan" **'' Bufo surdus'' (Iranian Toad or Pakistan Toad) **''Bufo viridis zugmayeri'' (European Green Toad or Baluchistan Toad) *Family ''Microhylidae'' (narrow-mouthed frogs) - 2 species **'' Microhyla ornata'' (Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog or Ant Frog) **''Uperodon systoma'' (Marbled Balloon Frog) *Family '' Megophryidae'' (Asian toads and litter frogs) - 1 confirmed species **'' Scutiger nyingchiensis'' (Tibetan Frog or Asian Lazy Toad) * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Nepal
The amphibians of Nepal represent a variety of species, including: Anura (frogs and toads) True frogs Order: AnuraFamily: Ranidae * Assam sucker frog (''Amolops formosus'') * Himalaya sucker frog (''Amolops himalanus'') * Yembung sucker frog (''Amolops gerbillus'') * Marbled sucker frog (''Amolops marmoratus'') * Mountain sucker frog (''Amolops monticola'') * '' Humerana humeralis'' * Black striped frog (''Sylvirana nigrovittata'') True toads Order: AnuraFamily: Bufonidae * Marbled toad (''Duttaphrynus stomaticus'') * Asian common toad (''Duttaphrynus melanostictus'') Fork-tongued frogs Order: AnuraFamily: Dicroglossidae * Indian skitter frog (''Euphlyctis cyanphlyctis'') * Jerdon's bullfrog (''Hoplobatrachus crassus'') * Asian bullfrog ('' Hoplobatrachus tigerinus'') * Northern frog (''Ingerana borealis'') * Annandale's paa frog (''Nanorana annandalii'') * Arnold's paa frog (''Nanorana arnoldi'') * Blandford's paa frog (''Nanorana blanfordii' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Iran
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frogs Of India
This is an index to the amphibians found in India. The amphibians of India show a high level of endemism. This list is based largely on Darrel Frost (2006) and includes common names from older books and journals. Order Anura Family Bufonidae * Ornate torrent toad, ''Ansonia ornata'' = '' Ghatophryne ornata'' (Günther, 1876) * Silent Valley torrent toad, ''Ansonia ornata'' = '' Ghatophryne rubigina'' (Pillai and Pattabiraman, 1981) * '' Bufo beddomii'' ( Günther, 1876) * '' Bufo brevirostris'' (Rao, 1937) * '' Bufo burmanus'' (Andersson, 1939) * '' Duttaphrynus cyphosus'' = ''Bufo cyphosus'' (Ye, 1977) * Himalayan toad, ''Duttaphrynus himalayanus'' (Günther, 1864) = ''Bufo himalayanus'' (Günther, 1864) * ''Bufo hololius'' (Günther, 1876) * '' Xanthophryne koynayensis'' (Soman, 1963) * '' Xanthophryne tigerina'' Biju, Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader and Bossuyt, 2009 * Ladakh toad, '' Pseudepidalea latastii'' Boulenger, 1882 = ''Bufo latastii'' * Common Indian toad, '' Duttaphrynus mel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Bangladesh
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic declin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of Afghanistan
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic declin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duttaphrynus
''Duttaphrynus'', named after Sushil Kumar Dutta, is a genus of true toads endemic to southwestern and southern China (including Hainan), Taiwan and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India and Bangladesh to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Bali. Description These toads are characterized by heads with prominent, bony ridges, such as a canthal, a preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital ridge and a short orbitotympanic ridge. The snout is short and blunt; the interorbital space is broader than the upper eyelid; the tympanum is very small, not half the diameter of eye, and generally indistinct. The first finger of these toads extends beyond the second; the toes are half webbed with single subarticular tubercles, two moderate metatarsal tubercles, and no tarsal fold. The tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. The upper surface features are irregular and distinctly porous warts wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cranium
The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior-most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. Functions of the skull include protection of the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic vision, and fixing the position of the ears to enable sound localisation of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals, such as horned ungulates (mammals with hooves), the skull also has a defensive function by providing the mount (on the fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toad
Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands. A distinction between frogs and toads is not made in scientific taxonomy, but is common in popular culture ( folk taxonomy), in which toads are associated with drier, rougher skin and more terrestrial habitats. List of toad families In scientific taxonomy, toads include the true toads (Bufonidae) and various other terrestrial or warty-skinned frogs. Non-bufonid "toads" can be found in the families: * Bombinatoridae (fire-bellied toads and jungle toads) * Calyptocephalellidae ( helmeted water toad and false toads) * Discoglossidae ( midwife toads) * Myobatrachidae (Australian toadlets) * Pelobatidae ( European spadefoot toad) * Rhinophrynidae ( burrowing toads) * Scaphiopodidae ( American spadefoot toads) * Microhylidae ( narrowmouth toads) Biology Usually the largest of the bumps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bufo Stomaticus Caught In The Indian State Of Uttar Pradesh
''Bufo'' is a genus of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus containing a large number of toads from much of the world, but following taxonomic reviews most of these have been moved to other genera, leaving only seventeen extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia in this genus, including the well-known common toad (''B. bufo''). Some of the genera that contain species formerly placed in ''Bufo'' are ''Anaxyrus'' (many North American species), ''Bufotes'' (European green toad and relatives), ''Duttaphrynus'' (many Asian species, including the Asian common toad introduced elsewhere), ''Epidalea'' (natterjack toad) and ''Rhinella'' (many Latin American species, including the cane toad introduced elsewhere). Description True toads have in common stocky figures and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. Their dry skin is thick and "warty". Behind their eyes, ''Bufo'' species have wart- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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