|
Bfloat16 Floating-point Format
The bfloat16 (brain floating point) floating-point format is a computer number format occupying 16 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point. This format is a shortened (16-bit) version of the 32-bit IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format (binary32) with the intent of accelerating machine learning and near-sensor computing. It preserves the approximate dynamic range of 32-bit floating-point numbers by retaining 8 exponent bits, but supports only an 8-bit precision rather than the 24-bit significand of the binary32 format. More so than single-precision 32-bit floating-point numbers, bfloat16 numbers are unsuitable for integer calculations, but this is not their intended use. Bfloat16 is used to reduce the storage requirements and increase the calculation speed of machine learning algorithms. The bfloat16 format was developed by Google Brain, an artificial intelligence research group at Google. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
Half-precision Floating-point Format
In computing, half precision (sometimes called FP16 or float16) is a binary floating-point computer number format that occupies 16 bits (two bytes in modern computers) in computer memory. It is intended for storage of floating-point values in applications where higher precision is not essential, in particular image processing and neural networks. Almost all modern uses follow the IEEE 754-2008 standard, where the 16-bit base-2 format is referred to as binary16, and the exponent uses 5 bits. This can express values in the range ±65,504, with the minimum value above 1 being 1 + 1/1024. Depending on the computer, half-precision can be over an order of magnitude faster than double precision, e.g. 550 PFLOPS for half-precision vs 37 PFLOPS for double precision on one cloud provider. History Several earlier 16-bit floating point formats have existed including that of Hitachi's HD61810 DSP of 1982 (a 4-bit exponent and a 12-bit mantissa), Thomas J. Scott's WIF of 1991 (5 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
 |
FPGA
A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a type of configurable integrated circuit that can be repeatedly programmed after manufacturing. FPGAs are a subset of logic devices referred to as programmable logic devices (PLDs). They consist of an array of programmable logic device, programmable logic block, logic blocks with a connecting grid, that can be configured "in the field" to interconnect with other logic blocks to perform various digital functions. FPGAs are often used in limited (low) quantity production of custom-made products, and in research and development, where the higher cost of individual FPGAs is not as important, and where creating and manufacturing a custom circuit would not be feasible. Other applications for FPGAs include the telecommunications, automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors, which benefit from their flexibility, high signal processing speed, and parallel processing abilities. A FPGA configuration is generally written using a hardware descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
Sign Bit
In computer science, the sign bit is a bit in a signed number representation that indicates the sign of a number. Although only signed numeric data types have a sign bit, it is invariably located in the most significant bit position, so the term may be used interchangeably with "most significant bit" in some contexts. Almost always, if the sign bit is 0, the number is non-negative (positive or zero). If the sign bit is 1 then the number is negative. Formats other than two's complement integers allow a signed zero: distinct "positive zero" and "negative zero" representations, the latter of which does not correspond to the mathematical concept of a negative number. When using a complement representation, to convert a signed number to a wider format the additional bits must be filled with copies of the sign bit in order to preserve its numerical value, a process called '' sign extension'' or ''sign propagation''. Sign bit weight in Two's complement Two's complement is by far th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
Mixed-precision Arithmetic
Mixed-precision arithmetic is a form of floating-point arithmetic that uses numbers with varying widths in a single operation. Overview A common usage of mixed-precision arithmetic is for operating on inaccurate numbers with a small width and expanding them to a larger, more accurate representation. For example, two half-precision or bfloat16 (16-bit) floating-point numbers may be multiplied together to result in a more accurate single-precision (32-bit) float. In this way, mixed-precision arithmetic approximates arbitrary-precision arithmetic, albeit with a low number of possible precisions. Iterative algorithms (like gradient descent) are good candidates for mixed-precision arithmetic. In an iterative algorithm like square root, a coarse integral guess can be made and refined over many iterations until the error in precision makes it such that the smallest addition or subtraction to the guess is still too coarse to be an acceptable answer. When this happens, the precision can b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
TensorFlow
TensorFlow is a Library (computing), software library for machine learning and artificial intelligence. It can be used across a range of tasks, but is used mainly for Types of artificial neural networks#Training, training and Statistical inference, inference of Neural network (machine learning), neural networks. "It is machine learning software being used for various kinds of perceptual and language understanding tasks" – Jeffrey Dean, minute 0:47 / 2:17 from YouTube clip It is one of the most popular deep learning frameworks, alongside others such as PyTorch. It is free and open-source software released under the Apache License 2.0. It was developed by the Google Brain team for Google's internal use in research and production. The initial version was released under the Apache License 2.0 in 2015. Google released an updated version, TensorFlow 2.0, in September 2019. TensorFlow can be used in a wide variety of programming languages, including Python (programming language), P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
PyTorch
PyTorch is a machine learning library based on the Torch library, used for applications such as computer vision and natural language processing, originally developed by Meta AI and now part of the Linux Foundation umbrella. It is one of the most popular deep learning frameworks, alongside others such as TensorFlow, offering free and open-source software released under the modified BSD license. Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface. A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, Uber's Pyro, Hugging Face's Transformers, and Catalyst. PyTorch provides two high-level features: * Tensor computing (like NumPy) with strong acceleration via graphics processing units (GPU) * Deep neural networks built on a tape-based automatic differentiation system History In 2001, Torch was written and released under a GPL license. It was a machine-learning li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
ROCm
ROCm is an Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) software stack for graphics processing unit (GPU) programming. ROCm spans several domains, including general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), high performance computing (HPC), and heterogeneous computing. It offers several programming models: HIP ( GPU-kernel-based programming), OpenMP ( directive-based programming), and OpenCL. ROCm is free, libre and open-source software (except the GPU firmware blobs), and it is distributed under various licenses. ROCm initially stood for Radeon Open Compute platfor''m''; however, due to Open Compute being a registered trademark, ROCm is no longer an acronym — it is simply AMD's open-source stack designed for GPU compute. Background The first GPGPU software stack from ATI/AMD was Close to Metal, which became Stream. ROCm was launched around 2016 with the Boltzmann Initiative. ROCm stack builds upon previous AMD GPU stacks; some tools trace back to GPUOpen and others ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
Math Kernel Library
Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library (Intel oneMKL), formerly known as Intel Math Kernel Library, is a library of optimized math routines for science, engineering, and financial applications. Core math functions include BLAS, LAPACK, ScaLAPACK, sparse solvers, fast Fourier transforms, and vector math. The library supports x86 CPUs and Intel GPUs and is available for Windows and Linux operating systems. ''Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library'' is not to be confused with oneMKL Interfaces, an open-source wrapper library that allows DPC++ applications to call oneMKL routines that can be offloaded to multiple hardware architectures and vendors defined during runtime. History and licensing Intel launched the oneAPI Math Kernel Library in November 1994, and called it Intel BLAS Library. In 1996, the library was renamed to Intel Math Kernel Library until April 2020, when intel oneMKL has become part of oneAPI initiative to support multiple hardware architectures, holding the current name I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
CUDA
In computing, CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a proprietary parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) that allows software to use certain types of graphics processing units (GPUs) for accelerated general-purpose processing, an approach called general-purpose computing on GPUs. CUDA was created by Nvidia in 2006. When it was first introduced, the name was an acronym for ''Compute Unified Device Architecture'', but Nvidia later dropped the common use of the acronym and now rarely expands it. CUDA is a software layer that gives direct access to the GPU's virtual instruction set and parallel computational elements for the execution of compute kernels. In addition to drivers and runtime kernels, the CUDA platform includes compilers, libraries and developer tools to help programmers accelerate their applications. CUDA is designed to work with programming languages such as C, C++, Fortran, Python and Julia. This accessibility makes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
Apple A15
The Apple A15 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series. It is used in the iPhone 13 and 13 Mini, iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max, iPad Mini (6th generation), iPhone SE (3rd generation), iPhone 14 and 14 Plus and Apple TV 4K (3rd generation). Design The Apple A15 Bionic features an Apple-designed 64-bit six-core CPU implementing ARMv8 with two high-performance cores called Avalanche running at 3.24 GHz and four energy-efficient cores called Blizzard running at 2.01 GHz. Apple claims the A15 in the iPhones is 50% faster than the competition. Apple claims the A15 in the iPad Mini 6 is 40% faster than the A12. An in-depth breakdown by Anandtech revealed that "compared to the A14, the new A15 increases the peak single-core frequency of the two-performance core cluster by 8%, now reaching up to 3240MHz compared to the 2998MHz of the previous generation. When both performance cores are active, their ope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
|
Apple M2
Apple M2 is a series of ARM architecture family, ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., launched 2022 to 2023. It is part of the Apple silicon series, as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Mac (computer), Mac desktop computer, desktops and laptop, notebooks, the iPad Pro and iPad Air tablet computer, tablets, and the Vision Pro mixed-reality, mixed reality headset. It is the second generation of ARM architecture intended for Apple's Mac computers after Mac transition to Apple silicon, switching from Intel Core to Apple silicon, succeeding the Apple M1, M1. Apple announced the M2 on June 6, 2022, at Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), along with models of the MacBook Air and the 13-inch MacBook Pro using the M2. The M2 is made with TSMC's "Enhanced 5 nm process, 5-nanometer technology" N5P process and contains 20 billion transistors, a 25% increase from the M1. Apple claims CPU improvements up to 18% and GPU improvemen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
|
 |
ARM Architecture
ARM (stylised in lowercase as arm, formerly an acronym for Advanced RISC Machines and originally Acorn RISC Machine) is a family of reduced instruction set computer, RISC instruction set architectures (ISAs) for central processing unit, computer processors. Arm Holdings develops the ISAs and licenses them to other companies, who build the physical devices that use the instruction set. It also designs and licenses semiconductor intellectual property core, cores that implement these ISAs. Due to their low costs, low power consumption, and low heat generation, ARM processors are useful for light, portable, battery-powered devices, including smartphones, laptops, and tablet computers, as well as embedded systems. However, ARM processors are also used for desktop computer, desktops and server (computing), servers, including Fugaku (supercomputer), Fugaku, the world's fastest supercomputer from 2020 to 2022. With over 230 billion ARM chips produced, , ARM is the most widely used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |