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Battle Of Qara Darra
The Battle of Qara Darra was fought on 24 July 1336 between two rival Mongol factions competing for control of the Ilkhanate throne following the death of Abu Sa'id in 1335. The confrontation took place in the vicinity of Van and marked a key episode in the collapse of central Ilkhanid authority. Prelude to Battle The death of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id without an heir led to a succession crisis within the Ilkhanate. Several military commanders and regional elites attempted to install their own claimants to the throne. By mid-1336, two major factions had emerged: one led by Emir 'Ali Padshah and Musa Khan, and the other by Shaykh Hasan Buzurg, a senior statesman and son-in-law of the former emir Chupan. Following the defeat of Arpa Ke'un in the Battle of Jaghatu (29 April 1336), 'Ali Padishah emerged as the dominant figure in western Iran. Having established control over Ujan in Tabriz, 'Ali Padshah began military operations, sending Sultanšāh Nikruz (brother of Qoṭb-al-Din Jahānš ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (), and known to the Mongols as ''Hülegü Ulus'' (). The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hulegu Khan, Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259. The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkey. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern Iraq, Syria, Armenia, Georgia (country), Georgia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, part of modern Dagestan, and part of modern Tajikistan. Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, converted to Islam. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the Black Death. The last ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died in 133 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tabriz
Tabriz (; ) is a city in the Central District (Tabriz County), Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province, East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the List of largest cities of Iran, sixth-most-populous city in Iran. Tabriz is in the Quri Chay, Quru River valley in Iran's historic Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan region between long ridges of volcanic cones in the Sahand and Eynali mountains. Tabriz's elevation ranges between above sea level. The valley opens up into a plain that gently slopes down to the eastern shores of Lake Urmia, to the west. The city was named World Carpet Weaving City by the World Crafts Council in October 2015 and Exemplary Tourist City of 2018 by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. With a population of over 1.7 million (2016), Tabriz is the largest economic hub and metropolitan area in northwest Iran. The population is bilingual with most peopl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharafkhan Bidlisi
Sharaf al-Din Khan b. Shams al-Din b. Sharaf Beg Bedlisi (, ; ; 25 February 1543 – ) was a Kurdish Emir of Bitlis. He was also a historian, writer and poet. He wrote exclusively in Persian. Born in the Qara Rud village, in central Iran, between Arak and Qom, at a young age he was sent to the Safavids' court and obtained his education there. He is the author of the '' Sharafnama'', one of the most important works on medieval Kurdish history, written in 1597. He created a good picture of Kurdish life and Kurdish dynasties in the 16th century in his works. Outside Iran and Kurdish-speaking countries, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi has influenced Kurdish literature and societies through the translation of his works by other scholars. He was also a gifted artist and a well-educated man, excelling as much in mathematics and military strategy as he did in history. Early life Sharaf Khan Bidlisi was born on 25 February 1543, in the Markazi province of Iran in the Garmrood village, during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hafiz-i Abru
Hafez-e AbruMaria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville, (; died June 1430) was a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia. His full name is ʿAbdallah (or Nur-Allah) Ebn Lotf-Allah Ebn 'Abd-al-Rashid Behdadini; his short name is also transcribed in Western literature as Hafiz-i Abru, Hafez-e Abru, Hafiz Abru etc. Hafiz-i Abru was born in Khorasan and studied in Hamadān. He entered Timur's court in the 1380s; after the death of Timur, Hafiz-i Abru continued in the service of Timur's son, Shah Rukh, in Herat. He interacted with other scholars congregating around Timur's and Shah Rukh's courts, and became recognized as a good chess Chess is a board game for two players. It is an abstract strategy game that involves Perfect information, no hidden information and no elements of game of chance, chance. It is played on a square chessboard, board consisting of 64 squares arran ... player. Hafiz-i Abru is the author and/or compiler of numerous wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Panaskerteli
The House of Tsitsishvili ( ka, ციციშვილი) is an ancient Georgian noble family, with several notable members from the 15th century through the 20th. History The Tsitsishvili family was a continuation of the medieval House of Panaskerteli, known in the province of Upper Kartli (Samtskhe) from the 12th century, who derived their name from the castle of Panaskerti in Tao-Klarjeti. They came into prominence with Zachariah of Panaskerti, who, together with some other nobles, put down in 1192 the revolt against Queen Tamar of Georgia and were eventually enfeoffed with the duchy of Tao. His descendant, T'aqa Panaskerteli, Duke of Tao, defeated the Turkomans invading Georgia in about 1302 at Tortomi Castle.Toumanoff, Cyril. "The Fifteenth-Century Bagratids and the Institution of Collegial Sovereignty in Georgia." ''Traditio'' 7 (1949–51): 184-185 In 1442, the king of Georgia, Vakhtang IV, married Sitikhatun, daughter of Prince Zaza I Panaskerteli. Pressured by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tao-Klarjeti (historical Region)
Tao-Klarjeti ( ka, ტაო-კლარჯეთი, tr ) is a Georgian historical and cultural region in north-eastern Turkey. The region is based around two river basins - Chorokhi and Kura (Mtkvari), and also partially includes the upper source of the Aras river. In modern usage it most often denotes the territory that was administered or claimed by Georgian Democratic Republic but is nowadays part of Turkey due to the Soviet-Turkish deal in 1921. The term "Tao-Klarjeti" is based on the names of two most important provinces of the region — Tao and Klarjeti. The term is equivalent to “ Zemo Kartli” (i.e., Upper Kartli or Upper Iberia) and is also a synonym for historical Meskheti. Cultural and historical heritage Many important Georgian cultural monuments from the middle ages are located on the territory of Tao-Klarjeti and many of them are preserved as ruins. Several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture Georgian architecture is the name given i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgians
Georgians, or Kartvelians (; ka, ქართველები, tr, ), are a nation and Peoples of the Caucasus, Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia (country), Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms. Significant Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughout Georgians in Russia, Russia, Georgians in Turkey, Turkey, Georgians in Greece, Greece, Iranian Georgians, Iran, Georgians in Ukraine, Ukraine, the Georgian Americans, United States, and the European Union. Georgians arose from Colchis, Colchian and Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity), Iberian civilizations of classical antiquity; Colchis was interconnected with the Ancient Greece, Hellenic world, whereas Iberia was influenced by the Achaemenid Empire until Alexander the Great conquered it. In the early 4th century, the Georgians became one of the first to Christianization of Iberia, embrace Christianity. Currently, the majority of Georgians are Eastern Orthodo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erciş
Erciş (; ; , historically , ''Arčeš'') is a municipality and district of Van Province, Turkey. Its area is 2,133 km2, and its population is 171,000 (2022). It is located at the northern end of Lake Van. History of Artchesh During Classical Antiquity, the town was known as Arsissa, and Archesh (Arčeš) in Armenian and Arjish in Arabic. The Byzantines knew it as Arzes (Ἂρζες or Ἀρζές) and the 10th-century emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote in his ''De administrando imperio'' (Chapter XLIV) that it was under the rule of the Kaysite emirate of Manzikert. This small district served as the capital city of a number of ruling states. It was the main center of the province of Turuberan as part of the ancient Kingdom of Armenia. The city changed hands on several occasions between the Arabs and the Byzantines, in the early Middle Ages. From the mid 1020s onwards Archesh was governed by the Byzantines. In 1054, it was captured and sacked by the Selj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)
Möngke Temür (, ; ), also known as Tash Möngke, was one of the sons of il-khan Hulagu. He ruled over the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. Life Rashid al-Din gives detailed account of his birth on Jami' al-Tawarikh - he was born to Hulagu and his Oirat wife Öljei on 23 October 1256 at night. He was youngest son of his father. At age of 5 he was betrothed to Abish Khatun, marrying her in 1272, also gaining governance of Shiraz. He was appointed by his brother Abaqa to organize defense lines on Caucasus against Golden Horde at the start of his career in 1266. Later he moved on to the Egyptian border, heading a 50,000 strong army towards Mamluk sultan Qalawun in 1281. He was aided by Armenians under Leo II and Georgians under Demetrius II. Möngke was wounded during the battle and subsequently fled. He stayed for a while at Mosul to recover. Rashīd al-Dīn, Jāmi‘ al Tawarikh, 1117, trans.Thackston, Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il Khan
Il Khan (also ''il-khan'', ''ilkhan'', ''elkhan'', etc.), in Turkic languages and Mongolian, is a title of leadership. It combines the title ''khan'' with the prefix ''el/il'', from the word ''ulus'' – 'tribe, clan', 'the people', 'nation', 'homeland', 'state', 'tribal union', etc. Meaning The exact meaning depends on context: *Khan of the nation. The earliest mention of a similar title in this meaning, namely "Illig Qaghan", refers to Bumin Qaghan and dates to 552 CE. (In fact, Nikolai Gumilyov transcribes Bumin's title as "ilkhan".) *More recently, the tribal chief that heads both branches of the Bakhtiari people, under whom several ''khans'' operate (20th century CE). In the context of the Hulaguid dynasty, commonly known as the Ilkhanate, the title ''Ilkhan'' was borne by the descendants of Hulagu and later other Borjigin princes in Persia, starting from c. 1259-1265. Two interpretations have been proposed: *'submissive', 'peaceable', 'obedient', or 'subservient' khan, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atabeg
Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic language, Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince. The first instance of the title's use was with early Seljuk Turks who bestowed it on the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk. It was later used in the Kingdom of Georgia, first within the Armenia, Armeno-Georgian family of Mkhargrdzeli as a military title and then within the house of Jaqeli as Principality of Samtskhe, princes of Samtskhe. Title origins and meanings The word ''atabeg'' is a compound of the Turkic languages, Turkic word ''ata'', "ancestor", or "father" and the word ''beg'' or ''bey'', "lord, leader, prince". ''Beg'' is stated in some sources as being of Iranian origin (as in the compound Baghdad from ''bag/beg'' and ''dad'', "lord" given). However, according to Gerhard Doerfer, the word ''beg'' may have possibly been of Turkic origin – the origin of the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khorasan Province
Khorasan ( ; also transcribed as Khurasan, Xorasan and Khorassan), also called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian Empire, Parthian times, was a Provinces of Iran, province in northeastern Iran until September 2004, when it was divided into three new provinces: North Khorasan, South Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan. Khorasan historically referred to a much larger area, comprising the east and the northeast of the Persian Empire. The name ''Khorāsān'' is Persian language, Persian and means "where the sun arrives from". The name was first given to the eastern province of Persian Empire, Persia during the Sasanian Empire and was used from the Late Middle Ages in distinction to neighbouring Transoxiana.Svat Soucek''A History of Inner Asia'' Cambridge University, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.4C. Edmund Bosworth, (2002)'CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols'''Encyclopaedia Iranica'' (online)C. Edmund Bosworth, (2011)'MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR'''Encyclopaedia I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
