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Bandung Sea Of Fire
The Bandung Sea of Fire () refers to the scorched-earth, deliberate burning of much of the southern side of the city of Bandung by retreating Indonesian Army, Indonesian Republican troops during the Indonesian National Revolution. Following the Indonesian proclamation of Indonesian independence, declaration of independence, tensions and fighting in the city of Bandung began to emerge between the newly formed Indonesian armed forces (People's Security Agency and its successors) and Indonesian nationalist youths on one side, with Japanese and British forces on the other. After initial success in Japanese attempts to gain control of the city in October, the arrival of British forces resulted in continued fighting, which initially resulted in a stalemate where Bandung was divided into the British-controlled north and Indonesian-controlled south. Following an ultimatum to militarily evacuate South Bandung in March 1946, Indonesian forces conducted a general evacuation of the area i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Revolution
The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during Aftermath of WWII, postwar and Dutch East Indies#World War II and independence, postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesian Declaration of Independence, Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949. The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the World War II Allies, World War II allies) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Repu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Surabaya
The Battle of Surabaya () was a major battle in the Indonesian National Revolution fought between regular infantry and militia of the Indonesian nationalist movement and British and British Indian Army, British Indian troops against the re-imposition of Dutch East Indies, Dutch colonial rule. The peak of the battle was in November 1945. The battle was the largest single battle of the revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance. Considered a heroic effort by Indonesians, the battle helped galvanise Indonesian and international support for Indonesian independence. 10 November is celebrated annually as Heroes' Day#Indonesia, Heroes' Day (). By the time British forces arrived at the end of October 1945, the ''Pemuda'' ("youth") foothold in Surabaya, Surabaya City was described as "a strong unified fortress". Fighting broke out on 30 October after the British commander, Brigadier Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby, A. W. S. Mallaby was killed in a skirmish. The Bri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bersiap
In Dutch historiography, ''Bersiap'' ("Get ready" or "Be prepared" in Indonesian) refers to the violent and chaotic beginning of the Indonesian National Revolution following the end of World War II in Asia. In Indonesia, the term ''Berdaulat'' ("Sovereign") is also used for this transitional period. It began after Sukarno's proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945 and culminated during the power vacuum between the withdrawal of Japanese occupational forces and the gradual buildup of a British military presence, before the official handover to a Dutch military presence in March 1946. Thousands of European and Indo-European people were killed by native Indonesians. Many non-Europeans accused of anti-revolutionary sentiment also fell victim to violence, such as Chinese civilians, Japanese and Korean prisoners of war, native Indonesian minority groups like the Moluccans and Minahasans, along with Javanese people and Batak people of higher social and eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Halo, Halo Bandung
Halo, Halo Bandung is an Indonesian patriotic song written by Ismail Marzuki that describes the spirit of the struggle of the people of the city of Bandung in the post-independence period in 1946, particularly in the Bandung Sea of Fire that occurred on March 23, 1946. Background Ismail Marzuki, then a singer-songwriter of the ''keroncong'' group Lief Java, performed regularly with the group in the mid 1930s at Studio Orkes NIROM II in Tegalega, Bandung, as part of the NIROM station's Eastern Programme. Having returned to Batavia after marrying fellow singer Eulis Zuraidah, he kept the sweet memories of the city in his mind. These recollections led him to wrote a song called “''Hallo Bandung''" in Sundanese, as well as other songs such as "''Bandung Selatan di Waktu Malam''" and "''Saputangan dari Bandung Selatan''". The phrase "''Hallo Bandoeng''" was well known at that time as the call-sign and usual opening used by Radio Kootwijk when establishing a radio-telegraphic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Marzuki
Ismail Marzuki (also known as Bang Ma'ing; 11 May 1914 – 25 May 1958) was an Indonesian composer, songwriter and musician who wrote around 202 to 240 songs between 1931 and 1958, including numerous popular patriotic songs. Among his best-known works are " Halo, Halo Bandung", " Gugur Bunga", and " Rayuan Pulau Kelapa". In 1968, he was honoured with the creation of the well-known ''Taman Ismail Marzuki'' (the Ismail Marzuki Park, often called ''TIM'') which is a cultural centre in Menteng in central Jakarta. In 2004 he was declared one of the National Heroes of Indonesia. Biography Marzuki was born in Kwitang, Jakarta (formerly known as Batavia) to a wealthy Betawi family. His father Marzuki owned an automobile repair shop, and played the rebana; his mother died while giving birth to him. From a young age Marzuki enjoyed music, listening to songs repeatedly on the family's gramophone and learning to play the rebana, ukulele, and guitar. Marzuki studied at an elementary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garut
Garut is a district and town in West Java of Indonesia, and the former capital of Garut Regency. It is located about 75 km to the southeast of the major city of Bandung. History The modern history of Garut started on 2 March 1811 when the Balubur Limbangan Regency was dissolved by Governor General Herman Willem Daendels because the area's production of coffee had decreased and the Regent, Tumenggung Wangsakusumah II, had refused a command to plant indigo. Balubur Limbangan Regency then comprised six districts: Balubur, Malangbong, Wanaraja, Wanakerta, Cibeureum and Papandak. The Limbangan Regency, which has now become the Garut Regency, was founded by Lieutenant-Governor Stamford Raffles on 16 February 1813. RAA. Adiwijaya, who governed from the 1813 until 1821, was the first Regent of the Garut Regency. He was well known as Dalem Cipeujueh. The town of Suci was originally the capital of the new Limbangan Regency. However it was thought that Suci did not meet the require ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tasikmalaya
Tasikmalaya (also known as Tasik) is a landlocked city in West Java, Indonesia. The city is sometimes dubbed ''kota santri'' (city of religious learners) or "the City of a Thousand Pesantrens" for its abundance of Islamic boarding schools. Located around southeast from the provincial capital of Bandung, Tasikmalaya is passed by Indonesian National Route 3. The city is located in the mountainous Priangan region of Java at an elevation of 351 metres (1,151 feet). The population of the city (excluding the Tasikmalaya Regency, which surrounds the city to the west, south and east) was 634,948 according to the 2010 census,Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and increased to 716,155 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 741,760 (comprising 375,737 males and 366,023 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Tasikmalaya Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3278) Its built-up (''or metro'') area (m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darul Islam Rebellion
The Darul Islam rebellion ( Indonesian: ''Pemberontakan Darul Islam'') was a war waged between 1949 and 1962 by the Islamic State of Indonesia, commonly known as Darul Islam, to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. The rebellion was launched by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, a former Indonesian nationalist who refused to recognize the new Republic of Indonesia. Instead, he proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949. Kartosuwirjo led Darul Islam's war against the Indonesian government for 13 years before he was captured by the Indonesian Army in 1962 and executed in 1965. After he was captured, Kartosuwirjo issued orders for his followers to surrender, although some pockets of resistance remained in Southeast Sulawesi until 1965. Background After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, ending World War II, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, and became the nation's first president. While the Japanese soon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sudirman
Sudirman (; 24 January 1916 – 29 January 1950) was an Indonesian military officer and revolutionary during the Indonesian National Revolution and the first commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Born in Purbalingga, Dutch East Indies, Sudirman moved to Cilacap in 1916 and was raised by his uncle. A diligent student at a Muhammadiyah-run school, he became respected within the community for his devotion to Islam. After dropping out of teacher's college, in 1936 he began working as a teacher, and later headmaster, at a Muhammadiyah-run elementary school. After the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, Japanese occupied the Indies in 1942, Sudirman continued to teach, before joining the Japanese-sponsored Defenders of the Homeland (PETA) as a battalion commander in Banyumas in 1944. In this position he put down a rebellion by his fellow soldiers, but was later interned in Bogor. After Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Indonesia proclaimed its independence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Newsinger
John Newsinger (born 21 May 1948) is a British historian and academic, who is an emeritus professor of history at Bath Spa University. Newsinger is a book reviewer for ''Race & Class'' and the ''New Left Review''. He is also author of numerous books and articles, as well as studies of science fiction and of the cinema. He teaches on both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Newsinger assisted as a historical consultant on the BBC TV series on ''Scotland and the Empire''. He has been guest speaker at the Folkestone Literary Festival (2006), guest speaker at the Brighton Holocaust Memorial Conference and Plenary Speaker at the Socialist Historians' Conference in London (2007). He is a member of the following historical societies: Society for the Study of Labour History; Irish Labour History Society; Military History Society of Ireland; and the US Military History Society. Newsinger is a member of the Socialist Workers Party, speaking at their Marxism Festival in 2014 and parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scorched Earth
A scorched-earth policy is a military strategy of destroying everything that allows an enemy military force to be able to fight a war, including the deprivation and destruction of water, food, humans, animals, plants and any kind of tools and infrastructure. Its use is possible by a retreating army to leave nothing of value worth taking, to weaken the attacking force or by an advancing army to fight against unconventional warfare. Scorched earth against non-combatants has been banned under the Additional Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Conventions. Origin of the term The term was found in English in a 1937 report on the Second Sino-Japanese War. The retreating Chinese forces burned crops and destroyed infrastructure, including cities, to sabotage the logistics of the advancing Japanese forces. Military theory Clausewitz wrote in ''Principles of War'': Clausewitz wrote in ''On War'': Historic examples Notable historic examples of successful scorched-earth tactics include the fai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bandung Lautan Api Diorama
Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Medan. Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area / BBMA) is the country's second-largest and second most populous metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. Situated above sea level (the highest point in the North area is at an altitude of , and the lowest in the South at above sea level), approximately southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung. The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century, and a road was constructed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
