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Australian Referendum, 1977 (Retirement Of Judges)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Retirement of Judges) Bill'' 1977 was a successful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to introduce a retirement age of 70 for federal judges. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 21 May 1977. After being approved in the referendum, it received the royal assent and became law on 29 July 1977. Question ''It is proposed to alter the Constitution so as to provide for retiring ages for judges of federal courts.'' ''Do you approve the proposed law?'' Changes to the text of the constitution The proposal was to add the following paragraphs at the end of section 72. :The appointment of a Justice of the High Court shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age of seventy years, and a person shall not be appointed as a Justice of the High Court if he has attained that age. :The appointment of a Justice of a court created by the Parliament shall be for a term expiring upon his attaining the age that is, at the tim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Australian Constitution
The Constitution of Australia (or Australian Constitution) is a constitutional document that is supreme law in Australia. It establishes Australia as a federation under a constitutional monarchy and outlines the structure and powers of the Australian government's three constituent parts, the executive, legislature, and judiciary. The constitution was drafted between 1891 and 1898, through a series of conventions conducted by representatives of the six self-governing British colonies in Australia. The final draft was then approved in a set of referendums from 1898 to 1900. The British government objected to some elements of the final draft, but a slightly modified form was enacted as section 9 of the ''Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900'', an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act was given royal assent on 9 July 1900, was proclaimed on 17 September 1900, and entered into force on 1 January 1901. The constitution gave the six colonies the status o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reginald Smithers
Sir Reginald Allfree Smithers (born 1903 in Echuca, Victoria – died January 1994) was an Australian lawyer and judge. Smithers educated at Melbourne Grammar School. Admitted to the Bar in 1929, he was appointed a King's Counsel in 1951. was a judge of the Federal Court of Australia from 1 February 1977 to 30 September 1986. Smithers was the Chancellor of La Trobe University La Trobe University is a public research university based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its main campus is located in the suburb of Bundoora. The university was established in 1964, becoming the third university in the state of Victoria a ... from 1972 to 1980. He was knighted in the 1980 New Year Honours for service to law. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Smithers, Reginald 1903 births 1994 deaths 20th-century Australian judges People educated at Melbourne Grammar School ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1977 Referendums
Events January * January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group. * January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). * January 17 ** 49 marines from the and are killed as a result of a collision in Barcelona harbour, Spain. * January 18 ** Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious Legionnaires' disease. ** Australia's worst railway disaster at Granville, a suburb of Sydney, leaves 83 people dead. ** SFR Yugoslavia Prime minister Džemal Bijedić, his wife and 6 others are killed in a plane crash in Bosnia and Herzegovina. * January 19 – An Ejército del Aire CASA C-207C Azor (registration T.7-15) plane crashes into the side of a mountain near Chiva, on approach to Valencia Airport in Spain, killing all 11 people on board. * January 20 – Jimmy Carter is sworn in as the 39th Presiden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amendments To The Constitution Of Australia
Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia contains only section 128 describing the constitutional referendum process required for amendments of the Constitution. The amendment by referendum method described in the section was modelled on provisions in the Swiss Federal Constitution. Its inclusion was influenced also by the Swiss method being present in the constitutions of several U.S. states at the time of federation. Summary The section stipulates that the constitution may only be amended by referendum, and describes the referendum process. The process A bill containing the change must be passed by the Commonwealth parliament. This bill must be passed by an absolute majority in both houses. If one house passes the bill containing the proposed change while the other refuses, it may attempt to pass the bill again. If the second house again refuses to pass it, the Governor-General (presumably on the advice of the Prime Minister) may still submit the proposed change for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1977 In Australia
The following lists events that happened during 1977 in Australia. Incumbents * Monarch – Elizabeth II * Governor-General – Sir John Kerr (until 8 December), then Sir Zelman Cowen * Prime Minister – Malcolm Fraser **Deputy Prime Minister – Doug Anthony **Opposition Leader – Gough Whitlam (until 22 December), then Bill Hayden * Chief Justice – Sir Garfield Barwick State and Territory Leaders * Premier of New South Wales – Neville Wran **Opposition Leader – Sir Eric Willis (until 16 December), then Peter Coleman * Premier of Queensland – Joh Bjelke-Petersen **Opposition Leader – Tom Burns *Premier of South Australia – Don Dunstan **Opposition Leader – David Tonkin *Premier of Tasmania – Bill Neilson (until 1 December), then Doug Lowe **Opposition Leader – Max Bingham *Premier of Victoria – Rupert Hamer **Opposition Leader – Clyde Holding (until 29 June), then Frank Wilkes * Premier of Western Australia – Sir Charles Court **Opposition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1977 Australian Referendum (Referendums)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Referendums) Bill 1977'' was an Australian referendum held in 1977 in which electors approved an amendment to the Australian constitution to allow electors in the Australian territories to vote at referendums. Electors in the territories were to be counted towards the national total, but would not be counted toward any state total. Question ''It is proposed to alter the Constitution so as to allow electors in the territories, as well as electors in the states, to vote at referendums on proposed laws to alter the Constitution.'' ''Do you approve the proposed law?'' Results Discussion At the time of Federation the very few people who lived in the Northern Territory voted as residents of South Australia. Territorians could therefore vote in constitutional referendums. When the Territory was surrendered to the Commonwealth in 1911, however, its citizens lost the vote in such referendums, due to the absence of reference to Territory voters in s. 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1977 Australian Referendum (Senate Casual Vacancies)
The ''Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) Bill 1977'', was a successful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution concerning the filling of casual vacancies in the Senate. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 21 May 1977. After being approved in the referendum, it received the royal assent and became law on 29 July 1977. Prior to the amendment: * the legislature of the relevant state was not required to have regard to the political allegiances of the replacement senator, and * the new senator's term continued only until the next general election for either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or the end of the original senator's term, whichever happened earlier. The amendment changed this procedure by providing that: * a state legislature replace a senator with a member of the same political party, and * the new senator's term continue until the end of the original senator's term. Its intended purpose was to prevent major changes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1967 Australian Referendum (Aboriginals)
The second question of the 1967 Australian referendum of 27 May 1967, called by the Holt Government, related to Indigenous Australians. Voters were asked whether to give the Federal Government the power to make special laws for Indigenous Australians in states, and whether in population counts for constitutional purposes to include all Indigenous Australians. The term "the Aboriginal Race" was used in the question. Technically the referendum question was a vote on the Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) Bill 1967 that would amend section 51(xxvi) and repeal section 127. The amendments to the Constitution were overwhelmingly endorsed, winning 90.77% of votes cast and having majority support in all six states. The Bill became an Act of Parliament on 10 August 1967. Background In 1901, the Attorney-General Alfred Deakin provided a legal opinion on the meaning of section 127 of the Constitution. Section 127 excluded "aboriginal natives" from being counted when reckoning the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of Australia
The Constitution of Australia (or Australian Constitution) is a constitutional document that is supreme law in Australia. It establishes Australia as a federation under a constitutional monarchy and outlines the structure and powers of the Australian government's three constituent parts, the executive, legislature, and judiciary. The constitution was drafted between 1891 and 1898, through a series of conventions conducted by representatives of the six self-governing British colonies in Australia. The final draft was then approved in a set of referendums from 1898 to 1900. The British government objected to some elements of the final draft, but a slightly modified form was enacted as section 9 of the ''Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900'', an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act was given royal assent on 9 July 1900, was proclaimed on 17 September 1900, and entered into force on 1 January 1901. The constitution gave the six colonies the status o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliamentary Library Of Australia
The Parliamentary Library of Australia (or Commonwealth Parliamentary Library) is the library of the Parliament of Australia, administered by its Department of Parliamentary Services. It provides library services to elected officials, namely members of the Senate and House of Representatives, as well as their staff, parliamentary committees, the Governor-General of Australia, and the staff of parliamentary departments. History The library was established in 1901, the year of the federation of the Commonwealth of Australia. Control of the new library was controversial as the fledgling parliament was located in Melbourne where the Victorian premier and the library committee of the State Library of Victoria sought to influence the control and management of the library. From 1923 the library used two names describing the two roles and two collections ''Commonwealth Parliament Library'' which designated the parliamentary collection and ''Commonwealth National Library'' to designate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ray Northrop
Ray may refer to: Fish * Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea * Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin Science and mathematics * Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point * Ray (graph theory), an infinite sequence of vertices such that each vertex appears at most once in the sequence and each two consecutive vertices in the sequence are the two endpoints of an edge in the graph * Ray (optics), an idealized narrow beam of light * Ray (quantum theory), an equivalence class of state-vectors representing the same state Arts and entertainment Music * The Rays, an American musical group active in the 1950s * Ray (musician), stage name of Japanese singer Reika Nakayama (born 1990) * Ray J, stage name of singer William Ray Norwood, Jr. (born 1981) * ''Ray'' (Bump of Chicken album) * ''Ray'' (Frazier Chorus album) * ''Ray'' (L'Arc-en-Ciel album) * ''Rays'' (Michael Nesmith album) (former Monkee) * ''Ray'' (soundtrack), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Sweeney (judge)
Charles William Sweeney (December 27, 1919 – July 16, 2004) was an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and the pilot who flew ''Bockscar'' carrying the Fat Man atomic bomb to the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Separating from active duty at the end of World War II, he later became an officer in the Massachusetts Air National Guard as the Army Air Forces transitioned to an independent United States Air Force, eventually rising to the rank of major general. Military career 509th Composite Group Sweeney became an instructor in the atomic missions training project, Project Alberta, at Wendover Army Airfield, Utah. Selected to be part of the 509th Composite Group commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets, he was named commander of the 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on 6 January 1945. Initially his squadron used C-47 Skytrain and C-46 Commando transports on hand to conduct the top secret operations to supply the 509th, but in April 1945 it acquired ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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