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Arcanobacterium Pinnipediorum
''Arcanobacterium'' () is a genus of bacteria. They are gram-positive, non– acid fast, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, and non–endospore forming. They are widely distributed in nature in the microbiota of animals (including the human microbiota) and are mostly innocuous. Some can cause disease in humans and other animals (for example, ''Arcanobacterium haemolyticum'' infections). As with various species of a microbiota (including their cousins in the genera ''Corynebacterium'' and ''Trueperella''), they usually are not pathogenic but can occasionally opportunistically capitalize on atypical access to tissues (via wounds) or weakened host defenses. Taxonomy As explained by Yassin ''et al''., the genus ''Arcanobacterium'' was first described by Collins ''et al''. in 1982 to accommodate bacterial strains previously assigned to the genus ''Corynebacterium'' variously (and controversially) as ''C. pyogenes hominis'' and then ''C. haemolyticum'', thenceforth to be known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blood Agar
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a growth medium solidified with agar, used to Microbiological culture, culture microorganisms. Sometimes selective compounds are added to influence growth, such as antibiotics. Individual microorganisms placed on the plate will grow into individual colony (biology), colonies, each a cloning, clone genetically identical to the individual ancestor organism (except for the low, unavoidable rate of mutation). Thus, the plate can be used either to estimate the concentration of organisms in a Microbiological culture, liquid culture or a suitable dilution of that culture using a colony counter, or to generate genetically pure cultures from a mixed culture of genetically different organisms. Several methods are available to plate out cells. One technique is known as "Streaking (microbiology), streaking". In this technique, a drop of the culture on the end of a thin, sterilization (microbiology), sterile loop of wire, sometimes known as an inocu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opportunistic Infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection that occurs most commonly in individuals with an immunodeficiency disorder and acts more severe on those with a weakened immune system. These types of infections are considered serious and can be caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Under normal conditions, such as in humans with uncompromised immune systems, an opportunistic infection would be less likely to cause significant harm and would typically result in a mild infection or no effect at all. These opportunistic infections can stem from a variety of sources, such as a weakened immune system (caused by human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), when being treated with immunosuppressive drugs (as in cancer treatment), when a microbiome is altered (such as a disruption in gut microbiota), or when integumentary barriers are breached (as in penetrating trauma). Opportunistic infections can contribute to antimic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deer
A deer (: deer) or true deer is a hoofed ruminant ungulate of the family Cervidae (informally the deer family). Cervidae is divided into subfamilies Cervinae (which includes, among others, muntjac, elk (wapiti), red deer, and fallow deer) and Capreolinae (which includes, among others reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, roe deer, and moose). Male deer of almost all species (except the water deer), as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new antlers each year. These antlers are bony extensions of the skull and are often used for combat between males. The musk deer ( Moschidae) of Asia and chevrotains ( Tragulidae) of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade Ruminantia; they are not especially closely related to Cervidae. Deer appear in art from Paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry, such as red deer that app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harbour Porpoise
The harbour porpoise (''Phocoena phocoena'') is one of eight extant species of porpoise. It is one of the smallest species of cetacean. As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries, and as such, is the most familiar porpoise to whale watchers. This porpoise often ventures up rivers, and has been seen hundreds of kilometres from the sea. The harbour porpoise may be polytypic, with geographically distinct populations representing distinct races: ''P. p. phocoena'' in the North Atlantic and West Africa, '' P. p. relicta'' in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, an unnamed population in the northwestern Pacific and ''P. p. vomerina'' in the northeastern Pacific. Taxonomy The English word porpoise comes from the French (Old French , 12th century), which is from -4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , 12th century), which is from Medieval Latin , which is a compound o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trueperella
''Trueperella'' is a genus of bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content. They can be terrestrial or aquatic. They are of great importance to land flora because of their contributions to soil systems. In soil t .... The genus was named in honor of German microbiologist Hans Georg Trüper. References Actinomycetales Gram-positive bacteria Bacteria genera {{actinobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMP Test
The CAMP test (Christie–Atkins–Munch-Petersen) is a test to identify group B β-hemolytic streptococci ('' Streptococcus agalactiae'') based on their formation of a substance, CAMP factor, that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by the β- hemolysin elaborated from ''Staphylococcus aureus''. CAMP factor Although the test is usually used to identify group B streptococcus, there is some evidence that the CAMP factor gene is present in several groups of streptococci, including group A. A similar factor has been identified in '' Bartonella henselae''. Uses The CAMP test can be used to identify '' Streptococcus agalactiae''. Though not strongly beta-hemolytic on its own, group B strep presents with wedge-shaped colonies in the presence of ''Staphylococcus aureus''. It can also be used to identify ''Listeria monocytogenes'' which produces a positive CAMP reaction. Setup # Streak a beta-lysin–producing strain of ''aureus'' down the center of a sheep blood agar plate. # Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typically have omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA integrated as part of the phospholipid molecule. The phosphate group can be modified with simple organic molecules such as choline, ethanolamine or serine. Phospholipids are a key component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. In eukaryotes, cell membranes also contain another class of lipid, sterol, interspersed among the phospholipids. The combination provides fluidity in two dimensions combined with mechanical strength against rupture. Purified phospholipids are produced commercially and have found applications in nanotechnology and materials science. The first phospholipid identified in 1847 as such in biological tissues w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 or menaquinone (MK) () is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K1 ( phylloquinone) and K3 (menadione). K2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods. The number ''n'' of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence vitamin K2 consists of various forms. It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. * The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is commonly found in animal products. However, at least one published study concluded that "MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels." The MK-4 in animal (including human) tissue is made from dietary plant vitamin K1. This process can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents. * Long-chain menaquinones (longer than MK-4) include ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are Organic compound, organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. They serve as monomeric units of the nucleic acid polymers – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all Life, life-forms on Earth. Nucleotides are obtained in the diet and are also synthesized from common Nutrient, nutrients by the liver. Nucleotides are composed of three subunit molecules: a nucleobase, a pentose, five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group consisting of one to three phosphates. The four nucleobases in DNA are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine; in RNA, uracil is used in place of thymine. Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy—in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16S Ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA (or 16 S rRNA) is the RNA component of the 30S subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome ( SSU rRNA). It binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and provides most of the SSU structure. The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rRNA genes and are used in reconstructing phylogenies, due to the slow rates of evolution of this region of the gene. Carl Woese and George E. Fox were two of the people who pioneered the use of 16S rRNA in phylogenetics in 1977. Multiple sequences of the 16S rRNA gene can exist within a single bacterium. Terminology The descriptor ''16S'' refers to the size of these ribosomal subunits as reflected indirectly by the speed at which they sediment when samples are centrifuged. Thus ''16S'' means 16 Svedburg units. Functions * Like the large (23S) ribosomal RNA, it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal proteins. * The 3-end contains the anti- Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum
''Arcanobacterium haemolyticum'' is a species of bacteria classified as a gram-positive bacteria, gram-positive bacillus. It is catalase-negative, facultative Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, beta-hemolytic, and not motility, motile. It has been known to cause head and neck infections, pharyngitis, and sinusitis (Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection, ''Arcanobacterium haemolyticum'' infections). History It was first described by MacClean et al. in 1946 from US servicemen and peoples of the South Pacific suffering from sore throat. Due to its resemblance to another genus of bacteria, ''Corynebacterium'', ''A. haemolyticum'' was initially classified as ''C. pyogenes'' subspecies ''hominus''. It was known for several decades as ''Corynebacterium haemolyticum''; controversies regarding classification were resolved in 1982 when a new genus, ''Arcanobacterium'', was created by Collins et al. to reclassify ''Corynebacterium haemolyticum'' on the basis of its peptidoglycan, fatty acid, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
