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Amnesiac Flooding
In distributed computing amnesic flooding is a stateless distributed flooding algorithm that can be implemented as a broadcast protocol in synchronous distributed networks without the need to store messages or flags between communication rounds. The algorithm is simple: ''When a node receives a message, it forwards it to all of its neighbours it did not receive the message from. To initiate a broadcast on a network, a node simply sends the message to all of its neighbours.'' The algorithm has been shown to terminate when the message begins at any subset of the network nodes or any sequence thereof. For I \subseteq V a subset of the nodes of a graph G, then t(I) the time until an amnesiac flood terminates when started from I is known to obey the following bounds: t(I)=e(I) if G is I-bipartite and e(I) |
Distributed Networking
Distributed networking is a distributed computing network system where components of the program and data depend on multiple sources. Overview Distributed networking, used in distributed computing, is the network system over which computer programming, software, and its data are spread out across more than one computer, but communicate complex messages through their nodes (computers), and are dependent upon each other. The goal of a distributed network is to share resources, typically to accomplish a single or similar goal. Usually, this takes place over a computer network A computer network is a collection of communicating computers and other devices, such as printers and smart phones. In order to communicate, the computers and devices must be connected by wired media like copper cables, optical fibers, or b ..., however, internet-based computing is rising in popularity. Typically, a distributed networking system is composed of processes, threads, agents, and distr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stateless Protocol
A stateless protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver must not retain session state from previous requests. The sender transfers relevant session state to the receiver in such a way that every request can be understood in isolation, that is without reference to session state from previous requests retained by the receiver. In contrast, a stateful protocol is a communication protocol in which the receiver may retain session state from previous requests. In computer networks, examples of stateless protocols include the Internet Protocol (IP), which is the foundation for the Internet, and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of the World Wide Web. Examples of stateful protocols include the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Stateless protocols improve the properties of visibility, reliability, and scalability. Visibility is improved because a monitoring system does not have to look beyond a single req ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flooding Algorithm
A flooding algorithm is an algorithm for distributing material to every part of a graph. The name derives from the concept of inundation by a flood. Flooding algorithms are used in computer networking and graphics. Flooding algorithms are also useful for solving many mathematical problems, including maze problems and many problems in graph theory. Different flooding algorithms can be applied for different problems, and run with different time complexities. For example, the flood fill algorithm is a simple but relatively robust algorithm that works for intricate geometries and can determine which part of the (target) area that is connected to a given (source) node in a multi-dimensional array, and is trivially generalized to arbitrary graph structures. If there instead are several source nodes, there are no obstructions in the geometry represented in the multi-dimensional array, and one wishes to segment the area based on which of the source nodes the target nodes are closes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadcasting (networking)
In computer networking, telecommunication and information theory, broadcasting is a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously. Broadcasting can be performed as a high-level operation in a program, for example, broadcasting in Message Passing Interface, or it may be a low-level networking operation, for example broadcasting on Ethernet. All-to-all communication is a computer communication method in which each sender transmits messages to all receivers within a group. In networking this can be accomplished using broadcast or multicast. This is in contrast with the point-to-point method in which each sender communicates with one receiver. Addressing methods There are four principal addressing methods in the Internet Protocol: Overview In computer networking, broadcasting refers to transmitting a packet that will be received by every device on the network. In practice, the scope of the broadcast is limited to a broadcast domain. Broadcasting is the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synchronous Network
Many services running on modern digital telecommunications networks require accurate synchronization for correct operation. For example, if telephone exchanges are not synchronized, then bit slips will occur and degrade performance. Telecommunication networks rely on the use of highly accurate primary reference clocks which are distributed network-wide using synchronization links and synchronization supply units. Ideally, clocks in a telecommunications network are synchronous, controlled to run at identical rates, or at the same mean rate with a fixed relative phase displacement, within a specified limited range. However, they may be mesochronous in practice. In common usage, mesochronous networks are often described as ''synchronous''. History Synchronization in communications was a hard problem for Alexander Bain in the development of the teleprinter. Thomas Edison achieved synchronization in his stock ticker with a clunky but effective ''unison mechanism'' to resynchron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eccentricity (graph Theory)
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the distance between two vertices in a graph is the number of edges in a shortest path (also called a graph geodesic) connecting them. This is also known as the geodesic distance or shortest-path distance. Notice that there may be more than one shortest path between two vertices. If there is no path connecting the two vertices, i.e., if they belong to different connected components, then conventionally the distance is defined as infinite. In the case of a directed graph the distance between two vertices and is defined as the length of a shortest directed path from to consisting of arcs, provided at least one such path exists. Notice that, in contrast with the case of undirected graphs, does not necessarily coincide with —so it is just a quasi-metric, and it might be the case that one is defined while the other is not. Related concepts A metric space defined over a set of points in terms of distances in a graph defined over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diameter (graph Theory)
In graph theory, the diameter of a connected undirected graph is the farthest distance between any two of its vertices. That is, it is the diameter of a set for the set of vertices of the graph, and for the shortest-path distance in the graph. Diameter may be considered either for weighted or for unweighted graphs. Researchers have studied the problem of computing the diameter, both in arbitrary graphs and in special classes of graphs. The diameter of a disconnected graph may be defined to be infinite, or undefined. Graphs of low diameter The degree diameter problem seeks tight relations between the diameter, number of vertices, and degree of a graph. One way of formulating it is to ask for the largest graph with given bounds on its degree and diameter. For any fixed degree, this maximum size is exponential in diameter, with the base of the exponent depending on the degree. The girth of a graph, the length of its shortest cycle, can be at most 2k+1 for a graph of diameter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quotient Graph
In graph theory, a quotient graph ''Q'' of a graph ''G'' is a graph whose vertices are blocks of a partition of the vertices of ''G'' and where block ''B'' is adjacent to block ''C'' if some vertex in ''B'' is adjacent to some vertex in ''C'' with respect to the edge set of ''G''. In other words, if ''G'' has edge set ''E'' and vertex set ''V'' and ''R'' is the equivalence relation induced by the partition, then the quotient graph has vertex set ''V''/''R'' and edge set . More formally, a quotient graph is a quotient object in the category of graphs. The category of graphs is concretizable – mapping a graph to its set of vertices makes it a concrete category – so its objects can be regarded as "sets with additional structure", and a quotient graph corresponds to the graph induced on the quotient set ''V''/''R'' of its vertex set ''V''. Further, there is a graph homomorphism (a quotient map) from a graph to a quotient graph, sending each vertex or edge to the equivalence clas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bipartite Graph
In the mathematics, mathematical field of graph theory, a bipartite graph (or bigraph) is a Graph (discrete mathematics), graph whose vertex (graph theory), vertices can be divided into two disjoint sets, disjoint and Independent set (graph theory), independent sets U and V, that is, every edge (graph theory), edge connects a Vertex (graph theory), vertex in U to one in V. Vertex sets U and V are usually called the ''parts'' of the graph. Equivalently, a bipartite graph is a graph that does not contain any odd-length cycle (graph theory), cycles. The two sets U and V may be thought of as a graph coloring, coloring of the graph with two colors: if one colors all nodes in U blue, and all nodes in V red, each edge has endpoints of differing colors, as is required in the graph coloring problem.. In contrast, such a coloring is impossible in the case of a non-bipartite graph, such as a Gallery of named graphs, triangle: after one node is colored blue and another red, the third vertex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flooding Algorithms
A flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids) that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering and public health. Human changes to the environment often increase the intensity and frequency of flooding. Examples for human changes are land use changes such as deforestation and removal of wetlands, changes in waterway course or flood controls such as with levees. Global environmental issues also influence causes of floods, namely climate change which causes an intensification of the water cycle and sea level rise. For example, climate change makes extreme weather events more frequent and stronger. This leads to more intense floods and increased flood risk. Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding coastal flooding and urban flooding sometimes known as flash flooding. Tidal flooding may in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
