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Amici Prism
An Amici prism, named for the astronomer Giovanni Battista Amici, is a type of compound dispersion (optics), dispersive prism (optics), prism used in spectrometers. The Amici prism consists of two triangular prisms in contact, with the first typically being made from a medium-dispersion Crown glass (optics), crown glass, and the second from a higher-dispersion flint glass. Light entering the first prism is refraction, refracted at the first air–glass interface, refracted again at the interface between the two prisms, and then exits the second prism at near-Normal (geometry), normal incidence. The prism angles and materials are chosen such that one wavelength (colour) of light, the ''centre wavelength'', exits the prism parallel to (but offset from) the entrance beam. The prism assembly is thus a ''direct-vision prism'' and is commonly used as such in hand-held spectroscopes. Other wavelengths are deflected at angles depending on the glass Dispersion (optics), dispersion of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amici Direct-vision Prism-fs PNr°0118
Amici may refer to: * ''Amicus curiae'', a legal Latin phrase translated to "friend of the court" * ''Amici Principis'', another term for ''cohors amicorum'', "cohort of friends" * Amici (crater), on the Moon * Amici Forever, a band * Amici prism, a type of compound dispersive prism used in spectrometers * Amici roof prism, a type of reflecting prism used to deviate a beam of light by 90° while simultaneously inverting the image * Andrea Amici (born 1971), Italian male retired sprinter * Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), Italian astronomer, microscopist, and botanist * Giuliana Amici (born 1952), former Italian javelin thrower, later became masters athlete * ''Amici di Maria De Filippi'', Italian talent show * Amici, the song of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity * Amici della Domenica ("Sunday Friends"), the group that awarded the Strega Prize * Opus sacerdotale Amici Israel, international Roman Catholic association founded in Rome in February 1926 {{disambiguation, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normal (geometry)
In geometry, a normal is an object (e.g. a line, ray, or vector) that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the infinite straight line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point. A normal vector is a vector perpendicular to a given object at a particular point. A normal vector of length one is called a unit normal vector or normal direction. A curvature vector is a normal vector whose length is the curvature of the object. Multiplying a normal vector by results in the opposite vector, which may be used for indicating sides (e.g., interior or exterior). In three-dimensional space, a surface normal, or simply normal, to a surface at point is a vector perpendicular to the tangent plane of the surface at . The vector field of normal directions to a surface is known as '' Gauss map''. The word "normal" is also used as an adjective: a line ''normal'' to a plane, the ''normal'' component of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amici Roof Prism
An Amici roof prism, named for its inventor, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Amici, is a type of reflecting prism (optics), prism used to deviate a beam of light by 90° while simultaneously inverting the image. It is commonly used in the eyepieces of telescopes as an image erecting system. It is sometimes called an Amici prism or right angle roof prism. The non-dispersion (optics), dispersive Amici roof prism should not be confused with the dispersive Amici prism. The device is shaped like a standard right-angled prism with an additional "roof prism, roof" section (consisting of two faces meeting at a 90° angle) on the longest side. Total internal reflection from the roof section flips the image laterally. The Chirality (mathematics), handedness of the image is unchanged. The roof faces of the prism are sometimes optical coating, coated to provide mirror surfaces. This allows the prism to be constructed with other beam deviate angles besides 90° without being limited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiple-prism Dispersion Theory
The first description of multiple-prism arrays, and multiple-prism dispersion, was given by Isaac Newton in his book '' Opticks,'' also introducing prisms as beam expanders. Prism pair expanders were introduced by David Brewster in 1813. A modern mathematical description of the single-prism dispersion was given by Max Born and Emil Wolf in 1959.M. Born and E. Wolf, '' Principles of Optics'', 7th Ed. (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1999). The generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory was introduced by F. J. Duarte and PiperF. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, "Dispersion theory of multiple-prism beam expanders for pulsed dye lasers", ''Opt. Commun.'' 43, 303–307 (1982).F. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, "Generalized prism dispersion theory", ''Am. J. Phys.'' 51, 1132–1134 (1982). in 1982. Generalized multiple-prism dispersion equations The generalized mathematical description of multiple-prism dispersion, as a function of the angle of incidence, prism geometry, prism refractive i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beam Expander
Beam expanders are optical devices that take a collimated beam of light and expand its width (or, used in reverse, reduce its width). In laser physics they are used either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders. Telescopic beam expanders include refracting and reflective telescopes. A refracting telescope commonly used is the Galilean telescope which can function as a simple beam expander for collimated light. The main advantage of the Galilean design is that it never focuses a collimated beam to a point, so effects associated with high power density such as dielectric breakdown are more avoidable than with focusing designs such as the Keplerian telescope. When used as intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range. In tunable laser resonators i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optical Spectrum
The visible spectrum is the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called ''visible light'' (or simply light). The optical spectrum is sometimes considered to be the same as the visible spectrum, but some authors define the term more broadly, to include the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum as well, known collectively as '' optical radiation''. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 380 to about 750 nanometers. In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 400–790 terahertz. These boundaries are not sharply defined and may vary per individual. Under optimal conditions, these limits of human perception can extend to 310 nm (ultraviolet) and 1100 nm (near infrared). The spectrum does not contain all the colors that the human visual system can distinguish. '' Unsaturated colors'' such as pink, or purpl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dispersion (optics)
Dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. Sometimes the term chromatic dispersion is used to refer to optics specifically, as opposed to wave propagation in general. A medium having this common property may be termed a dispersive medium. Although the term is used in the field of optics to describe light and other electromagnetic waves, dispersion in the same sense can apply to any sort of wave motion such as acoustic dispersion in the case of sound and seismic waves, and in gravity waves (ocean waves). Within optics, dispersion is a property of telecommunication signals along transmission lines (such as microwaves in coaxial cable) or the Pulse (signal processing), pulses of light in optical fiber. In optics, one important and familiar consequence of dispersion is the change in the angle of refraction of different colors of light, as seen in the spectrum produced by a dispersive Prism (optics), prism and in chromatic aberration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spectroscope
An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. The variable measured is most often the irradiance of the light but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light or a closely derived physical quantity, such as the corresponding wavenumber or the photon energy, in units of measurement such as centimeters, reciprocal centimeters, or electron volts, respectively. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometers may operate over a wide range of non-optical wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared. If the instrument is designed to measure the spectrum on an absolute scale rather than a relative one, then it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colour
Color (or colour in Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though color is not an inherent property of matter, color perception is related to an object's light absorption, emission, reflection and transmission. For most humans, colors are perceived in the visible light spectrum with three types of cone cells ( trichromacy). Other animals may have a different number of cone cell types or have eyes sensitive to different wavelengths, such as bees that can distinguish ultraviolet, and thus have a different color sensitivity range. Animal perception of color originates from different light wavelength or spectral sensitivity in cone cell types, which is then processed by the brain. Colors have perceived properties such as hue, colorfulness (saturation), and luminance. Colors can also be additively mixed (commonly used for actual light) or subtractively mixed (commonly used for materials). If the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wavelength
In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same ''phase (waves), phase'' on the wave, such as two adjacent crests, troughs, or zero crossings. Wavelength is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. The multiplicative inverse, inverse of the wavelength is called the ''spatial frequency''. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (''λ''). For a modulated wave, ''wavelength'' may refer to the carrier wavelength of the signal. The term ''wavelength'' may also apply to the repeating envelope (mathematics), envelope of modulated waves or waves formed by Interference (wave propagation), interference of several sinusoids. Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed phase velocity, wave speed, wavelength is inversely proportion ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Refraction
In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one transmission medium, medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and Wind wave, water waves also experience refraction. How much a wave is refracted is determined by the change in wave speed and the initial direction of wave propagation relative to the direction of change in speed. Optical Prism (optics), prisms and Lens (optics), lenses use refraction to redirect light, as does the human eye. The refractive index of materials varies with the wavelength of light,R. Paschotta, article ochromatic dispersion in th, accessed on 2014-09-08 and thus the angle of the refraction also varies correspondingly. This is called dispersion (optics), dispersion and causes prism (optics), prisms and rainbows to divide white light into its constituent spectral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amici Direct-vision Prism-top View PNr°0119
Amici may refer to: * ''Amicus curiae'', a legal Latin phrase translated to "friend of the court" * ''Amici Principis'', another term for ''cohors amicorum'', "cohort of friends" * Amici (crater), on the Moon * Amici Forever, a band * Amici prism, a type of compound dispersive prism used in spectrometers * Amici roof prism, a type of reflecting prism used to deviate a beam of light by 90° while simultaneously inverting the image * Andrea Amici (born 1971), Italian male retired sprinter * Giovanni Battista Amici Giovanni Battista Amici (; 25 March 1786 – 10 April 1863) was an Italian astronomer, microscopist, and botanist. Amici was born in Modena, in present-day Italy. After studying at Bologna, he became professor of mathematics at Modena, and in 18 ... (1786–1863), Italian astronomer, microscopist, and botanist * Giuliana Amici (born 1952), former Italian javelin thrower, later became masters athlete * '' Amici di Maria De Filippi'', Italian talent show * Amici, the so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
