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Adyghe Verbs
In Adyghe language, Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, the verb is the most inflected part of speech. Verbs are typically head final and are conjugated for tense, person, number, etc. Some of Circassian verbs can be morphologically simple, some of them consist only of one morpheme, like: кӏо "go", штэ "take". However, generally, Circassian verbs are characterized as structurally and semantically difficult entities. Morphological structure of a Circassian verb includes affixes (prefixes, suffixes) which are specific to the language. Verbal affixes express meaning of subject, direct or indirect object, adverbial, singular or plural form, negative form, mood, direction, mutuality, compatibility and reflexivity, which, as a result, creates a complex verb, that consists of many morphemes and semantically expresses a sentence. For example: уакъыдэсэгъэгущыӏэжьы "I am forcing you to talk to them again" consists of the following morphemes: у-а-къы ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adyghe Language
Adyghe ( or ; also known as West Circassian) is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken by the western subgroups of Circassians. It is spoken mainly in Russia, as well as in Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Israel, where Circassians settled after the Circassian genocide (–1870) by the Russian Empire. It is closely related to the Kabardian language, Kabardian (East Circassian) language, though some reject the distinction between the two languages in favor of both being dialects of a unitary Circassian languages, Circassian language. The literary standard of Adyghe is based on its Temirgoy dialect. Adyghe and Russian language, Russian are the two official languages of the Adygea, Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation. In Russia, there are around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey, spoken by the diaspora from the Russo-Circassian War, Russian–Circassi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valency (linguistics)
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject. The linguistic meaning of valency derives from the definition of valency in chemistry. Like valency found in chemistry, there is the binding of specific elements. In the grammatical theory of valency, the verbs organize sentences by binding the specific elements. Examples of elements that would be bound would be the complement and the actant. Although the term originates from valence in chemistry, linguistic valency has a close analogy in mathematics under the term arity. The valency metaphor appeared first in linguistics in Charles Sanders Peirce's essay "The Logic of Relatives" in 1897, and it then surfaced in the works of a number of linguists decade ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causative
In linguistics, a causative (abbreviated ) is a valency-increasing operationPayne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 173–186. that indicates that a subject either causes someone or something else to do or be something or causes a change in state of a non- volitional event. Normally, it brings in a new argument (the causer), A, into a transitive clause, with the original subject S becoming the object O. All languages have ways to express causation but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or ''lexical'' causative forms (such as English ''rise'' → ''raise'', ''lie'' → ''lay'', ''sit'' → ''set''). Some languages also have morphological devices (such as inflection) that change verbs into their causative forms or change adjectives into verbs of ''becoming''. Other languages employ periphrasis, with control verbs, idiomatic expressions or auxiliary verbs. There tends to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subject (grammar)
A subject is one of the two main parts of a Sentence (linguistics), sentence (the other being the Predicate (grammar), predicate, which modifies the subject). For the simple Sentence (linguistics), sentence ''John runs'', ''John'' is the subject, a person or thing about whom the statement is made. Traditionally the subject is the word or phrase which controls the verb in the clause, that is to say with which the verb Agreement (linguistics), agrees (''John is'' but ''John and Mary are''). If there is no verb, as in ''Nicola what an idiot!'', or if the verb has a different subject, as in ''John I can't stand him!'', then 'John' is not considered to be the grammatical subject, but can be described as the ''Topic and comment, topic'' of the sentence. While these definitions apply to simple English sentences, defining the subject is more difficult in more complex sentences and languages. For example, in the sentence ''It is difficult to learn French'', the subject seems to be the wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transitive Verbs That Have An Absolutive Case Subjects
Transitivity or transitive may refer to: Grammar * Transitivity (grammar), a property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object * Transitive verb, a verb which takes an object * Transitive case, a grammatical case to mark arguments of a transitive verb Logic and mathematics * Transitive group action * Transitive relation, a binary relation in which if ''A'' is related to ''B'' and ''B'' is related to ''C'', then ''A'' is related to ''C'' * Syllogism, a related notion in propositional logic * Intransitivity, properties of binary relations in mathematics * Arc-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon ordered pairs of adjacent vertices * Edge-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon its edges * Vertex-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon its vertices * Transitive set a set ''A'' such that whenever ''x'' ∈ ''A'', and ''y'' ∈ ''x'', then ''y'' ∈ ''A'' * Topolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transitive Verbs That Have An Ergative Case Subjects2
Transitivity or transitive may refer to: Grammar * Transitivity (grammar), a property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object * Transitive verb, a verb which takes an object * Transitive case, a grammatical case to mark arguments of a transitive verb Logic and mathematics * Transitive group action * Transitive relation, a binary relation in which if ''A'' is related to ''B'' and ''B'' is related to ''C'', then ''A'' is related to ''C'' * Syllogism, a related notion in propositional logic * Intransitivity, properties of binary relations in mathematics * Arc-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon ordered pairs of adjacent vertices * Edge-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon its edges * Vertex-transitive graph, a graph whose automorphism group acts transitively upon its vertices * Transitive set a set ''A'' such that whenever ''x'' ∈ ''A'', and ''y'' ∈ ''x'', then ''y'' ∈ ''A'' * Topolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
