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2016 Ecuador Earthquake
The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at with a moment magnitude scale, moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity scale, Mercalli intensity of VIII (''Severe''). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales, Ecuador, Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and from the capital Quito, Ecuador, Quito, where it was felt strongly. The regions of Manta, Ecuador, Manta, Pedernales, Ecuador, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties. Manta's central commercial shopping district, Tarqui, was completely destroyed. There was widespread damage across Manabí Province, and structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsed. At least 676 people were killed and 27,732 people injured. List of heads of state of Ecuador, President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecuador Time
Ecuador Time (ECT), as named by the IANA time zone database, is the time observed in mainland Ecuador since 1931. Ecuador Time is at UTC-05:00Time zone: Ecuador at timeanddate.com and has no daylight saving, except for a brief period from late 1992 to early 1993 during the government of president Sixto Durán Ballén
Sixto Alfonso Durán-Ballén Cordovez (14 July 1921 – 15 November 2016) was an Ecuadorian political figure and architect who served as the 37th president of Ecuador from 1992 to 1996. He previously served as Mayor of Quito between 1970 and 197 ...
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Rafael Correa
Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado (; born 6 April 1963) is an Ecuadorian politician and economist who served as the 45th president of Ecuador from 2007 to 2017. The leader of the PAIS Alliance political movement from its foundation until 2017, Correa is a democratic socialism, democratic socialist and his administration focused on the implementation of Left-wing politics, left-wing policies. Internationally, he served as president ''pro tempore'' of the Union of South American Nations, UNASUR. Since 2017, he has been living with his family in Belgium. Born to a lower middle-class mestizo family in Guayaquil, Correa studied economics at the Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, the Université catholique de Louvain, University of Louvain (UCLouvain), and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, University of Illinois, where he received his PhD. Returning to Ecuador, in 2005 he became the Minister for the Economy under President Alfredo Palacio, successfully lobbyin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shakemap Ecuador April 2016
ShakeMap is a product of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to map the shaking of earthquakes. According to the USGS, "ShakeMaps provide near-real-time maps of ground motion and shaking intensity following significant earthquakes. These maps are used by federal, state, and local organizations, both public and private, for post-earthquake response and recovery, public and scientific information, as well as for preparedness exercises and disaster planning." The system's development was led largely by USGS seismologist David J. Wald with others. ShakeMap's goal is to "go beyond magnitude and epicenter" to depict the variations in the distribution of shaking intensity. Here, "shaking intensity" is used informally, as in "how intense was the shaking?" ShakeMap is now an open-source software program employed to automatically produce a suite of maps and products that portray the geographical extent and severity of potentially damaging shaking following an earthquake. It is routinely used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1958 Ecuador–Colombia Earthquake
The 1958 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake struck the coastal regions of Ecuador and Colombia on January 19 with a surface-wave magnitude of 7.6 at 9:07 local time. Approximately 30 percent of Esmeraldas (Ecuador) was destroyed, including the children's department of the hospital, where three children died. At least 111 persons died and 45 were injured as a result of the earthquake. Water mains were broken and power transmission lines were damaged. The Esmeraldas-Quito highway collapsed at many places. Many other roads of the country were made impassable by cracks and fallen trees. According to press reports, a landslide from the slopes of the Andes at Panado village buried a hundred people. The earthquake was destructive in the cities on the northern coast of the country and was strong from Latacunga to Quito, Ibarra and Tulcán. It was felt at Guayaquil. Tectonic setting Ecuador and Colombia lie above a convergent boundary where the Nazca plate is being subducted beneath the South ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1979 Tumaco Earthquake
The 1979 Tumaco earthquake occurred at on 12 December with a moment magnitude of 8.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (''Violent''). The epicenter was just offshore from the border between Ecuador and Colombia, near the port city of Tumaco. It triggered a major tsunami, which was responsible for most of the estimated 300–600 deaths. The hardest hit area was Colombia's Nariño Department. Tectonic setting Coastal parts of Ecuador and southern Colombia lie above the convergent boundary where the Malpelo plate subducts beneath the South American plate along the Colombia–Ecuador Trench. At this location the Malpelo plate, the microplate northeast of the Nazca plate, is moving to the east relative to South America at a rate of 58 mm per year. North of the Carnegie Ridge, the subduction interface has four recognisable segments, from south to north, the Esmeraldas, Manglares, Tumaco and Patia segments. This plate boundary has been the location of several great historica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1942 Ecuador Earthquake
The 1942 Ecuador earthquake or the Guayaquil earthquake occurred on 13 May at 21:13 ECT with a moment magnitude () of 7.8–7.9. The earthquake had an epicenter near the coast of Manabí Province, Ecuador. It killed more than 300 people and the total cost of damage was about million. At Guayaquil, from the epicenter, many reinforced concrete structures in the city were destroyed and high-rise buildings collapsed. At least 100 fatalities were recorded in the city. The earthquake was caused by movement on a section of the Ecuador–Colombia subduction zone, a seismically active area where the Nazca plate subducts beneath the overriding South American plate. This subduction zone previously ruptured during a much larger earthquake in 1906, and the 1942 event represented a partial re-rupture. The same section that caused the 1942 earthquake would move again in April 2016 with nearly identical characteristics. Geology A subduction zone exists off the coast of Ecuador and Colombia du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geophysical Research Letters
''Geophysical Research Letters'' is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal of geoscience published by the American Geophysical Union that was established in 1974. The editor-in-chief iKristopher Karnauskas Aims and scope The journal aims for rapid publication of concise research reports on one or more of the disciplines covered by the American Geophysical Union, such as atmospheric sciences, solid Earth, space science, oceanography, hydrology, land surface processes, and the cryosphere. The journal also publishes invited reviews that cover advances achieved during the past two or three years. The target readership is the earth science community, the broader scientific community, and the general public. Abstracting and indexing This journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the 2020 ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 4.58. ''Geophysical Research Letters'' was also the 5th most cited publication on climate change Pres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Earthquake Rupture
In seismology, an earthquake rupture is the extent of slip that occurs during an earthquake in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes occur for many reasons that include: landslides, movement of magma in a volcano, the formation of a new fault, or, most commonly of all, a slip on an existing fault. Nucleation A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. The possibility that the nucleation involves some sort of preparation process is supported by the observation that about 40% of earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. However, some large earthquakes, such as the M8.6 1950 India – China earthquake., have no foreshocks and it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1906 Ecuador–Colombia Earthquake
The 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake occurred at 10:36:10 ( UTC+5) on Wednesday, January 31, 1906, off the coast of Ecuador, near Esmeraldas. The earthquake had a moment magnitude of 8.8 and triggered a destructive tsunami that caused at least 500 casualties on the coast of Colombia. Tectonic setting The earthquake occurred along the boundary between the Malpelo plate, formerly considered the northeastern part of the Nazca plate, and the North Andes plate. The earthquake is likely to be a result of thrust-faulting, caused by the subduction of the Coiba, Malpelo and Nazca plates beneath the North Andes and South American plates. The coastal parts of Ecuador and Colombia have a history of strong megathrust earthquakes originating from this Malpelo-North Andes plate boundary. Damage The greatest damage from the tsunami occurred on the coast between Río Verde, Ecuador and Micay, Colombia. Estimates of the number of deaths caused by the tsunami vary between 500 and 1,500. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megathrust Earthquake
Megathrust earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another. The earthquakes are caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between the two plates. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (''Mw'') that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. The thrust faults responsible for megathrust earthquakes often lie at the bottom of oceanic trenches; in such cases, the earthquakes can abruptly displace the sea floor over a large area. As a result, megathrust earthquakes often generate tsunamis that are considerably more destructive than the earthquakes themselves. Teletsunamis can cross ocean basins to devastate areas far from the original earthquake. Terminology and mechanism The term ''megathrust'' refers to an extremely large thrust fault, typically formed at the plate interface along a subduction zo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Focal Mechanism
The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the Fault (geology)#Slip.2C heave.2C throw, deformation in the Hypocenter, source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a Fault (geology), fault-related event, it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped, and the slip Euclidean vector, vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms. The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally, and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms. Moment tensor solutions The moment tensor solution is displayed gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South American Plate
The South American plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America as well as a sizable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed extending eastward to the African plate, with which it forms the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The easterly edge is a divergent boundary with the African plate; the southerly edge is a complex boundary with the Antarctic plate, the Scotia plate, and the Sandwich Plate; the westerly edge is a convergent boundary with the subducting Nazca plate; and the northerly edge is a boundary with the Caribbean plate and the oceanic crust of the North American plate. At the Chile triple junction, near the west coast of the Taitao– Tres Montes Peninsula, an oceanic ridge known as the Chile Rise is actively subducting under the South American plate. Geological research suggests that the South American plate is moving west away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: "Parts of the plate boundaries consisting of alternations of re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
