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Rusyn Language
Rusyn ( ; ; )http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2781/1/2011BaptieMPhil-1.pdf , p. 8. is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and written in the Cyrillic script. The majority of speakers live in Carpathian Ruthenia, which includes Transcarpathia and parts of eastern Slovakia and south-eastern Poland. There is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina, Serbia, and a Rusyn diaspora worldwide. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, it is recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Poland (as Lemko), Serbia, and Slovakia. The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhelekhivka
Zhelekhivka () was Ukrainian Phonemic orthography, phonetic orthography in Western Ukraine from 1886 to 1922 (sometimes until the 1940s), created by on the basis of the Civil Script and phonetic spelling common in the Ukrainian language at that time (with some changes) for his own "Little Russian-German Dictionary", which was published in full in 1886. History It was for the "Little Russian-German Dictionary" that E. Zhelekhivskyi created his own phonetic spelling, which he built on the basis of , common in eastern Ukraine. It was an attempt to unite the Galician dialect and the new Ukrainian literary language, to develop general rules of spelling. After all, in the late nineteenth century. Galicians wrote many words based on their own dialectical features. The novelty of this spelling was the consistent use of it not only instead of /jі/, but also on the consonant in place of the ancient Yat, ѣ and /ɛ/. Zhelekhivka was firmly established among the supporters of phonetic sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Language
Ukrainian (, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Ukraine. It is the first language, first (native) language of a large majority of Ukrainians. Written Ukrainian uses the Ukrainian alphabet, a variant of the Cyrillic script. The standard language is studied by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and Potebnia Institute of Linguistics. Comparisons are often made between Ukrainian and Russian language, Russian, another East Slavic language, yet there is more mutual intelligibility with Belarusian language, Belarusian,Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic", ''The Slavonic Languages''. (Routledge). pp. 60–121. p. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. ''Classification and Index of the World's Languages'' (Elsevier). p. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ukrainian Alphabet
The Ukrainian alphabet () is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, which is the official language of Ukraine. It is one of several national variations of the Cyrillic script. It comes from the Cyrillic script, which was devised in the 9th century for the first Slavic literary language, called Old Slavonic. In the 10th century, Cyrillic script became used in Kievan Rus' to write Old East Slavic, from which the Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, and Ukrainian alphabets later evolved. The modern Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters in total: 21 consonants, 1 semivowel, 10 vowels and 1 palatalization sign. Sometimes the apostrophe (') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the alphabet. In Ukrainian, it is called (tr. , ), from the initial letters '' а'' (tr. ''a'') and '' б'' (tr. ''b''); (tr. ''alfavit''); or, archaically, (tr. ''azbuka''), from the acrophonic early Cyrill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanization Of Ukrainian
The romanization of Ukrainian, or Latinization of Ukrainian, is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Ukrainian is written in its own Ukrainian alphabet, which is based on the Cyrillic script. Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation for non-Ukrainian readers, on computer systems that cannot reproduce Cyrillic characters, or for typists who are not familiar with the Ukrainian keyboard layout. Methods of romanization include transliteration (representing written text) and transcription (representing the spoken word). In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals for a Ukrainian Latin alphabet, usually based on those used by West Slavic languages, but none have been widely accepted. Romanization systems Transliteration Transliteration is the letter-for-letter representation of text using another writing system. Rudnyckyj classified transliteration systems into scientific transliteration, u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pannonian Rusyn
Pannonian Rusyn (, ), also historically referred to as Yugoslav Rusyn, is a linguistic variety, variety of the Slovak language, spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns, primarily in the regions of Vojvodina (northern part of modern Serbia) and Slavonia (eastern part of modern Croatia), and also in the Pannonian Rusyn diaspora in the United States and Canada. Since Rusyns are officially recognized as a national minority both in Serbia and Croatia, their language is also recognized as a minority language, and in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina (Serbia) it is employed as one of six official provincial languages. In some non-Slavic languages, Slavic languages, Pannonian Rusyns may be referred to by somewhat archaic exonyms, such as Pannonian ''Ruthenes'' or Pannonian ''Ruthenians'', and their language is thus labeled as Pannonian ''Ruthenian'', but such terminology is not used in the native (Rusyn) language. ''Ruthenian language, Ruthenian'' exonyms are also viewed as imprecise, since t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Code Page 866
Code page 866 ( CCSID 866) (CP 866, "DOS Cyrillic Russian") is a code page used under DOS and OS/2 in Russia to write Cyrillic script. It is based on the "alternative code page" () developed in 1984 in IHNA AS USSR and published in 1986 by a research group at the Academy of Science of the USSR. Брябрин В. М., Ландау И. Я., Неменман М. ЕО системе кодирования для персональных ЭВМ// Микропроцессорные средства и системы. — 1986. — № 4. — С. 61–64. The code page was widely used during the DOS era because it preserves all of the pseudographic symbols of code page 437 (unlike the " Main code page" or Code page 855) and maintains alphabetic order (although non-contiguously) of Cyrillic letters (unlike KOI8-R). Initially this encoding was only available in the Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (1990), but with MS-DOS 6.22 it became available in any language version. The WHATWG Encodin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dotted I (Cyrillic)
The dotted i (І і; italics: ''''), also called Ukrainian I, decimal i (after its former numeric value) or soft-dotted i, is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of ⟨i⟩ in English "machne". It is used in the orthographies of Belarusian, Kazakh, Khakas, Komi, Carpathian Rusyn and Ukrainian and quite often, but not always, is the equivalent of the Cyrillic letter і (И и) as used in Russian and other languages. However, the dotted і was also used in Russian before the Bolshevik reform of 1918. In Ukrainian, the dotted і is the twelfth letter of the alphabet and represents the sound Close_front_unrounded_vowel.html" ;"title="nowiki/> iin writing. Ukrainian uses и to represent the sound [Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ">Close front unrounded vowel">iin writing. Ukrainian uses и to represent the sound [Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ In Belarusian, the d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two Dots (diacritic)
Diacritical marks of two dots , placed side-by-side over or under a letter, are used in several languages for several different purposes. The most familiar to English language, English-language speakers are the Diaeresis (diacritic), diaeresis and the Umlaut (diacritic), umlaut, though there are numerous others. For example, in Albanian language, Albanian, represents a schwa. Such diacritics are also sometimes used for stylistic reasons (as in the family name Brontë family, Brontë or the band name Mötley Crüe). In modern computer systems using Unicode, the two-dot diacritics are almost always character encoding, encoded identically, having the same code point. For example, represents both ''o-umlaut'' and ''o-diaeresis''. Their appearance in print or on screen may vary between typefaces but rarely within the same typeface. The word ''wikt:trema, trema'' (), used in linguistics and also Classics, classical scholarship, describes the form of both the umlaut diacritic and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iota
Iota (; uppercase Ι, lowercase ι; ) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Yodh. Letters that arose from this letter include the Latin I and J, the Cyrillic І (І, і), Yi (Ї, ї), and Je (Ј, ј), and iotated letters (e.g. Yu (Ю, ю)). In the system of Greek numerals, iota has a value of 10. Iota represents the close front unrounded vowel . In early forms of ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but this distinction was lost in Koine Greek. Iota participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, with both long and short vowels as the first element. Where the first element was long, the iota was lost in pronunciation at an early date, and was written in polytonic orthography as iota subscript, in other words as a very small ι under the main vowel. Examples include ᾼ ᾳ ῌ ῃ ῼ ῳ. The former diphthongs became digraphs for simple vowels in Koine Greek.see Koine Greek phonolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO-8859-5
ISO/IEC 8859-5:1999, ''Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 5: Latin/Cyrillic alphabet'', is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin/Cyrillic. It was designed to cover languages using a Cyrillic alphabet such as Bulgarian, Belarusian, Russian, Serbian and Macedonian but was never widely used. The 8-bit encodings KOI8-R and KOI8-U, IBM-866, and also Windows-1251 are far more commonly used. In contrast to the relationship between Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5. However, the main Cyrillic block in Unicode uses a layout based on ISO-8859-5. ISO 8859-5 would also have been usable for Ukrainian in the Soviet Union from 1933 to 1990, but it is missing the Ukrainian letter ''ge'', ґ, which is required in Ukrainian orthography before and since, and during that pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iotated
In Slavic languages, iotation (, ) is a form of palatalization that occurs when a consonant comes into contact with the palatal approximant from the succeeding phoneme. The is represented by iota (ι) in the early Cyrillic alphabet and the Greek alphabet on which it is based. For example, ''ni'' in English ''onion'' has the sound of iotated ''n''. Iotation is a phenomenon distinct from Slavic first palatalization in which only the front vowels are involved, but the final result is similar. Sound change Iotation occurs when a labial (, ), dental (, , ) or velar (, , ) consonant comes into contact with an ''iotated vowel'', i.e. one preceded by a palatal glide . As a result, the consonant becomes partially or completely palatalized. In many Slavic languages, iotated consonants are called "soft" and the process of iotation is called "softening". Iotation can result in a partial palatalization so the centre of the tongue is raised during, and sometimes after, the articulation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
