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École Nationale D'administration
The (; ENA; ) was a French ''grande école'', created in 1945 by the then Provisional Government of the French Republic, provisional chief of government Charles de Gaulle and principal co-author of the Constitution of France, 1958 Constitution Michel Debré, to democratize access to the senior French civil service, civil service. The school was frequently criticized from the 1970's onward for having built an incredibly elitist culture as well as being a stronghold for Technocracy, technocrats. As a result, it was dissolved on 31 December 2021 and replaced by the Institut national du service public (INSP). The ENA selected and supervised the initial training of senior French officials. It was considered to be one of the most academically demanding French schools, both because of its low acceptance rates and because a large majority of its candidates had already graduated from other elite schools in the country such as Sciences Po or the École polytechnique, École Polytechnique. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Institut National Du Service Public
The Institut national du service public (INSP; ) is a ''grande école'' based in Strasbourg, France. It is dedicated to the recruitment, initial training and continuing training of senior executives and civil servants of the state. It was created on 1 January 2022 to replace the École nationale d'administration (ENA), which was abolished on 31 December 2021 by French President Emmanuel Macron. The INSP is seated in Strasbourg and has offices in Paris. Its establishment is part of the top management reforms introduced by Emmanuel Macron, President Macron aiming at achieving a more efficient, inclusive and attractive top administration. However, its creation has faced criticisms from many French civil servants, including Macron's former Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe. The institute is responsible for providing senior state executives with initial and continuing training based on new foundations. It oversees a common core program for public service schoo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
List Of Presidents Of France
The president of France is the head of state of France, elected by popular vote for five years. The first officeholder is considered to be Napoleon III, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who was elected in 1848 French presidential election, 1848 but provoked the 1851 French coup d'état, 1851 self-coup to later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, emperor as Napoleon III. His coup, which proved popular as he sought the restoration of Universal manhood suffrage, universal male suffrage previously abolished by the French Parliament, legislature, granted the newly-established Second French Empire, Second Empire firm ground. A republican regime was given way again in 1870 through the French Third Republic, Third Republic, after the fall of Napoleon III. A 1962 French presidential election referendum, 1962 referendum held under the French Fifth Republic, Fifth Republic at the request of President Charles de Gaulle transferred the election of the president of France from an electoral colle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
